Template:Short description {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox cycling race
The Giro d'Italia ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Literally),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> also known simply as the Giro,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> is an annual multiple-stage bicycle race primarily held in Italy, while also starting in, or passing through, other countries.<ref name= "Livestrong Giro Info">Template:Cite news</ref> The first race was organized in 1909 to increase sales of the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport,<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/><ref name="larousse1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the race is still run by a subsidiary of that paper's owner.<ref name="BRI 1909" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1909, except during the two world wars.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/> As the Giro gained prominence and popularity, the race was lengthened, and the peloton expanded from primarily Italian participation to riders from all over the world. The Giro is a UCI World Tour event, which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams, with some additional teams invited as 'wild cards'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Giro is one of professional cycling's three-week-long Grand Tours,<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and after the Tour de France is the second most important stage race in the world (the Triple Crown of Cycling denotes the achievement of winning the Giro, the Tour and the UCI Road World Championships in the same season). The Giro is usually held during May, sometimes continuing into early June.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/> While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same, with at least two time trials, and a passage through the mountains of the Alps, including the Dolomites. Like the other Grand Tours, the modern editions of the Giro d'Italia normally consist of 21 stages over a 23- or 24-day period that includes two or three rest days.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/>
The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the general classification and wears the pink jersey. While the general classification gathers the most attention, stage wins are prestigious of themselves, and there are other contests held within the Giro: the points classification, the mountains classification for the climbers, young rider classification for the riders under the age of 25, and the team classification.<ref name="demystified">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
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Origins and first race (1909)Edit
The idea of holding a bicycle race that navigated around Italy was inspired by the Tour de France and the success that L'Auto had gained from it.<ref name="larousse1"/><ref name="Pez Giro">Template:Cite news</ref> It was first suggested when La Gazzetta dello Sport editor Tullo Morgagni sent a telegram to the paper's owner, Emilio Costamagna, and cycling editor, Armando Cougnet, stating the need for an Italian tour.<ref name='Fotheringham Book'>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="BRI 1909">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the time La GazzettaTemplate:'s rival, Corriere della Sera was planning on holding a bicycle race of its own, after the success they had gained from holding an automobile race.<ref name='Fotheringham Book'/><ref name="BRI 1909"/><ref name="gazzetta2005">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Morgagni then decided to try and hold their race before Corriere della Sera could hold theirs, but La Gazzetta lacked the money.<ref name="BRI 1909"/> However, after the success La Gazzetta had with creating the Giro di Lombardia and Milan–San Remo, the owner Costamagna decided to go through with the idea.<ref name="BRI 1909"/><ref name="Pez Giro"/> Their bike race was announced on 7 August 1908 in the first page of that day's edition of La Gazzetta dello Sport.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The race was to be held in May 1909.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/>
Since the organizers lacked the 25,000 lire<ref name='Fotheringham Book'/> needed to hold the race, they consulted Primo Bongrani, an accountant at the bank Cassa di Risparmio and friend of the three organizers. Bongrani proceeded to go around Italy asking for donations to help hold the race.<ref name="BRI 1909"/> Bongrani's efforts were largely successful, he had procured enough money to cover the operating costs.<ref name="BRI 1909"/> Prize money was supplied by a casino in San Remo who Francesco Sghirla, a former Gazzetta employee, encouraged to contribute to the race.<ref name='Fotheringham Book'/><ref name="BRI 1909"/> Even Corriere, La GazzettaTemplate:'s rival, gave 3,000 lire to the race's fund.<ref name='Fotheringham Book'/>
On 13 May 1909 at 02:53, 127 riders started the first Giro d'Italia at Loreto Place in Milan.<ref name="larousse1"/><ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The race was split into eight stages covering Template:Convert.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> A total of 49 riders finished, with Italian Luigi Ganna winning.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/><ref name="1909 elm final">Template:Cite news</ref> Ganna won three individual stages and the General Classification.<ref name="1909 elm final"/> Ganna received 5,325 lire as a winner's prize, with the last rider in the general classification receiving 300 lire.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The Giro's director received only 150 lire a month, 150 lire fewer than the last-placed rider.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The first Giro was won by Luigi Ganna, who had the fewest total points at the end of the race.
1910–1952Edit
The same format was used for the next two years and resulted in Carlo Galetti winning.
In 1912, there was no individual classification, instead there was only a team classification, which was won by Team Atala. The 1912 Giro is the only time the competition has not had an individual classification.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 1914 onwards the scoring format was changed from a points-based system to a time-based system, in which the cyclist who had the lowest aggregate time at the end of the race would win.
The Giro was suspended for four years from 1915 to 1918, due to the First World War. Costante Girardengo was the winner of the first Giro after the war in 1919.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The dominant figure in the 1920s was Alfredo Binda, who won his first Giro in 1925 and followed this up with another victory in 1927, in which he won 12 of the 15 stages. Victory in 1929 came courtesy of eight successive stage wins. At the height of his dominance Binda was called to the head office of La Gazzetta dello Sport in 1930; the newspaper accused him of ruining the race and offered him 22,000 lire to be less dominant, which he refused.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Binda won five Giros before he was usurped as the dominant cyclist by Gino Bartali.
Nicknamed the "Iron Man of Tuscany" for his endurance, Bartali won two Giros during the 1930s, in 1936 and 1937.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bartali's dominance was challenged in 1940, the last Giro before the Second World War, when he was defeated by his 20-year-old teammate Fausto Coppi.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Bartali and Coppi's rivalry divided Italy. Bartali, a conservative, was venerated in the rural, agrarian south, while Coppi, more worldly, secular, innovative in diet and training, was a hero of the industrial north. They became teammates in 1940 when Eberrardo Pavesi, head of the Legnano team, took on Coppi to ride for Bartali. Bartali thought Coppi was "as thin as a mutton bone", but accepted. Their rivalry started when Coppi, the helper, won the Giro aged 20 and Bartali, the star, marshalled the two men's team to chase him.
The rivalry between Bartali and Coppi intensified after the war. Bartali won his last Giro in 1946, narrowly beating Coppi, now riding for the Bianchi team. Coppi then won his second Giro the following year. Coppi abandoned the 1948 Giro d'Italia in protest against the small penalty given to Fiorenzo Magni. Coppi won a further three Giros and twice, in 1949 and 1952, Coppi won the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in the same year, the first rider to do so.
1953–1967Edit
Swiss Hugo Koblet became the first non-Italian to win the race in 1950.<ref name="cycling">Template:Cite news</ref> No one dominated the tour during the 1950s, Coppi, Charly Gaul and Fiorenzo Magni each won two Giros during the decade.
The 1960s were similar. At the 1960 Giro d'Italia, Jacques Anquetil took advantage of a breakaway he was part of on stage 3 to take the overall lead.Template:Sfn Anquetil then led the lead move to Jos Hoevenaers, who had been part of a breakaway on stage 6. In the long time trial of the race on stage 14, Anquetil retook the lead, finishing 1:27 minutes ahead of Baldini and more than 6 minutes on Gaul. His speed had been so fast that had the organizers applied the usual rules, 70 riders would have missed the time cut. In the event, the rules were loosened and only two riders eliminated. Ahead of the final mountain stages, Anquetil now led Nencini by 3:40 minutes, with Gaul in fifth, 7:32 minutes behind. Stage 20 included the Gavia Pass for the first time in the race's history. On the ascent, Nencini was able to establish a gap to Anquetil, after the latter had a flat tire. More punctures and three bike changes followed on the dangerous descent, putting Anquetil's race lead in danger. He teamed up with Agostino Coletto, whom he offered money to help him in the chase effort, to limit his losses. At the finish in Bormio, Gaul won ahead of Nencini, with Anquetil losing only 2:34 minutes and retaining the pink jersey by 28 seconds. Following a ceremonial final stage, Anquetil arrived in Milan the winner of the Giro for the first time.Template:Sfn Anquetil went on to become the first rider to win all three Grand Tours and won the Giro again in 1964,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while Franco Balmamion won two successive Giros in 1962 and 1963.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Felice Gimondi won the 1967 Giro d'Italia and went on to become the second rider, after Anquetil, to win all three Grand Tours.
1968–1996Edit
Belgian Eddy Merckx was the dominant figure during the 1970s. His first victory came in 1968, a race which saw two important firsts: the first tests for drug use and the first prologue.<ref name="BRI 1968 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A total of eight riders tested positive during the Giro.<ref name="BRI 1968 Giro"/> Merckx won the race for the first time after winning the twelfth stage's finish atop the Tre Cime di Lavaredo to gain the race lead.<ref name="BRI 1968 Giro"/><ref name="1968 final results">Template:Cite news</ref> En route to the overall victory, he won four stages.<ref name="BRI 1968 Giro"/> He returned in 1969 and was leading the race after the sixteenth stage that ended in Savona.<ref name="BRI 1969 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He tested positive for a banned substance after the stage and was disqualified from the race; he always denied any wrongdoing.<ref name="BRI 1969 Giro"/> The UCI lifted his suspension almost immediately but he was not allowed to start stage 17. Felice Gimondi took the lead after Merckx's dismissal and held it until the race's conclusion.<ref name="BRI 1969 Giro"/><ref name="1969 final results">Template:Cite news</ref>
Merckx came back the following year at the request of his sponsor.<ref name="BRI 1970 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He took the lead after stage five and never relinquished it; he dominated the lengthy stage nine time trial.<ref name="BRI 1970 Giro"/><ref name="1970 final results">Template:Cite news</ref> He went on to win the Tour de France, and in doing so became the third rider to win two Grand Tours in a single calendar year.<ref name="BRI 1970 Giro"/> He did not compete in the 1971 event, riding the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré instead.<ref name="BRI 1971 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Felice Gimondi lost substantial time early on in the race to put him out of contention, while fellow Italian and teammate Gianni Motta tested positive for banned substances and was disqualified.<ref name="BRI 1971 Giro"/> Swedish cyclist Gösta Pettersson gained the lead after the race's eighteenth stage and held it to the finish.<ref name="BRI 1971 Giro"/><ref name="1971 final results">Template:Cite news</ref> Pettersson became the first Swedish cyclist to win a Grand Tour.<ref name="BRI 1971 Giro"/><ref name="1971 final results"/>
Merckx returned to the Giro in 1972 and resumed his domination. He took the lead after a long solo attack during the race's seventh stage and held it until the finish.<ref name="BRI 1972 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="1972 final results">Template:Cite news</ref> He led the 1973 Giro d'Italia from start to finish, a feat that had not been achieved since Alfredo Binda did so in 1927.<ref name="BRI 1973 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="1973 final results">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1976, Juan Manuel Santisteban died after an accident early in the race. By the third week it seemed as though Belgian rider Johan De Muynck was going to claim victory, but Gimondi rode a strong final individual time trial to win his third Giro by a very small margin. He had not been considered a contender before the race. Belgians Michel Pollentier and Johan De Muynck won the two subsequent Giros in 1977 and 1978.
In 1980, Frenchman Bernard Hinault became France's first winner since Anquetil in 1964. He would win another two Giros in 1982 and 1985.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The 1987 edition saw controversy between Template:UCI team code's two general classification riders Roberto Visentini and Stephen Roche.<ref name="BRI 1987 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Roche led the race early on but lost the lead to Visentini after crashing during the thirteenth stage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Roche attacked on the race's mountainous fifteenth stage despite orders from Carrera team management not to.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Roche took the lead and wound up winning the race.<ref name="BRI 1987 Giro"/> He also won the Tour de France and the men's road race at the World Championships to complete the Triple Crown of Cycling.<ref name="BRI 1987 Giro"/>
The fourteenth stage of the 1988 Giro d'Italia saw very poor weather, particularly on the slopes of the Passo di Gavia.<ref name="velonews interview">Template:Cite news</ref> Franco Chioccioli led the race at the start of the fabled fourteenth stage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On the slopes of the Gavia, Andrew Hampsten and Erik Breukink rode away from their fellow riders; Breukink won the stage, but Hampsten took the overall lead.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hampsten went on to win the race and became the first non-European to win the race.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Spaniard Miguel Indurain, winner of five Tours, won successive Giros in 1991 and 1992.
1997–2016Edit
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Ivan Gotti's wins in 1997 and 1999 were either side of the first win by Marco Pantani's win in 1998. Pantani was considered a favorite to win the Giro d'Italia Other contenders included Gotti, Alex Zülle and 1996 winner Pavel Tonkov.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pantani lost time in the initial prologue in Nice and further time to his main rivals during the fifteenth stage, an individual time trial in Trieste. By that point, Pantani faced a disadvantage of almost four minutes to Zülle before the Dolomites mountain stages and an individual time trial on the penultimate stage, a discipline that favored Zülle and Tonkov. In the seventeenth stage to Selva di Val Gardena, Pantani took the maglia rosa, the leader's jersey, for the first time in his career after attacking Zülle on the Marmolada climb.<ref name="cyclesport">Template:Cite news</ref> Although Pantani crossed the finish line behind Giuseppe Guerini, he finished over four minutes ahead of Zülle, maintaining an advantage of thirty seconds on the general classification over Tonkov, thirty-one seconds on Guerini and over a minute on Zülle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the following stage to Alpe di Pampeago, he finished second behind Tonkov but maintained the general classification lead over him and gained further time on Zülle and Guerini.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the eighteenth stage to Plan di Montecampione, Pantani repeatedly attacked Tonkov, dropping him in the last three kilometers and winning the stage to face the individual time trial on the penultimate stage with a lead of almost a minute and a half.<ref name="cyclesport"/> Zülle lost contact with the favorites in the first climb and ended up losing over thirty minutes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Having won over two minutes on Pantani in the previous time trial, Tonkov was considered superior to Pantani on the time trial discipline, but the Italian finished third in the penultimate stage, gaining an additional five seconds on Tonkov.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pantani was thus able to maintain his lead to win the Giro d'Italia with a minute and a half over Tonkov and more than six minutes over Guerini. He also won the Mountains classification and finished second in the Points classification.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Pantani subsequently went on to win the 1998 Tour de France, thus completing the rare feat of winning the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in the same calendar year.<ref name="BRI 1998 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Pantani returned to the Giro in 1999 while in peak physical form.<ref name="BRI 1999 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pantani gained the lead after the race's fourteenth stage and as the race hit the high mountains, he extended his lead with three stage wins.<ref name="BRI 1999 Giro"/> On the morning of the twentieth stage, Pantani was dismissed from the Giro after having hematocrit levels above 50%.<ref name="BRI 1999 Giro"/> 1997 victor Ivan Gotti, who was second place at the time, subsequently took the lead and wound up winning the Giro for the second time in his career.<ref name="BRI 1999 Giro"/>
Gilberto Simoni was the winner in 2001 and 2003, with Paolo Savoldelli victorious in 2002 and 2005. Other repeat winners this century have been Ivan Basso (2006 and 2010), Spaniard Alberto Contador in 2008 and 2015 and Vincenzo Nibali in 2013 and 2016. Contador also looked to have won the 2011 edition,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a race during which Wouter Weylandt suffered a fatal crash on the third stage, but he was later stripped of the title after he was found guilty of doping in the 2010 Tour de France, and runner-up Michele Scarponi was awarded the victory.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The first South American winner was Nairo Quintana of Colombia in 2014.
2017–presentEdit
The 2017 Giro d'Italia was the 100th edition of the race. Tom Dumoulin won stage 10, a Template:Convert individual time trial (ITT) from Foligno to Montefalco, to take the overall race lead by 2 minutes and 23 seconds over Quintana.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dumoulin won Stage 14, which featured a mountain top finish at Santuario di Oropa to extend his lead over Quintana by a further 14 seconds.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On Stage 16, Dumoulin experienced stomach problems and had to take a comfort break at the foot of the Umbrail Pass; none of the other contenders waited for Dumoulin and he finished more than two minutes down on stage winner Vincenzo Nibali, keeping his race lead by just 31 seconds over Quintana. Dumoulin defended his lead until the stage 19 mountain finish in Piancavallo, where he crossed the line over a minute behind Quintana, the new race leader.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Dumoulin's performance on stage 21, a Template:Convert individual time trial from Monza Circuit to Milan in which he finished second, took him from fourth to first place in the general classification. He was also the first Dutchman to win the overall in a Grand Tour since Joop Zoetemelk won the 1980 Tour de France.
In 2018 Simon Yates seemed to be in very good position to become the first British rider to win, winning 3 individual stages and holding the Maglia Rosa from Stage 6 onwards, with Dumoulin lying second overall for much of the race. However, on Stage 19, Yates cracked and Chris Froome then launched an audacious 80 km solo breakaway, attacking the small group of leaders including Dumoulin on the Cima Coppi of the 2018 Giro, the graveled climb of the Colle delle Finestre, he continued to extend his lead over the Sestriere and to the summit finish of Bardonecchia and overturned a more than three minute deficit to take both the pink jersey, the Cima Coppi prize and the mountains classification. The solo win, and the simultaneous implosion of Yates, who lost more than 30 minutes on the day having lost contact on the first climb of the day, was described as "one of the most extraordinary days in Giro d'Italia history".<ref>Giro d'Italia: Froome wins stunning stage 19 to take pink jersey – as it happened.</ref> Froome became the first British rider to ever win the Giro, as well as the first rider since 1983 to hold all three Grand Tour titles simultaneously, as well as becoming the seventh man to have completed the career Grand Tour grand slam.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2019 Richard Carapaz, from Ecuador, became the first rider from his country to win the race.
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced the postponement of the Giro to October, marking the only time in history that the Giro was not raced in May or June. This race was won by Tao Geoghegan Hart, making him the second British rider to win the race; then in the 2021 edition Egan Bernal became the second Colombian to ever win and in 2022 Jai Hindley became the first ever Australian to win.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The 2023 Giro d'Italia was won by Slovenian Primož Roglič, who took the lead from Geraint Thomas on the penultimate stage, a mountain time trial to Monte Lussari, near the Italian border with Slovenia. Even though he suffered a dropped chain on the climb, Roglič was able to gain 40 seconds on Thomas to move into the overall lead.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He held onto it on the final, largely ceremonial stage into Rome to win the Giro d'Italia for the first time in his career.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2024, Tadej Pogačar, from Slovenia, won the race on his debut. He narrowly lost out on the lead after the first stage to Jhonatan Narváez,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but took the pink jersey on the second stage and held it until the end. Pogačar executed a dominant victory, with a winning margin of almost 10 minutes, the mountains classification and 6 stage wins.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The winning margin of 9:56 over his closest competitor, Daniel Martínez was the biggest since the 1965 edition and the fourth largest in the post-World War II era. Pogačar went on to win the 2024 Tour de France, becoming the first rider to win both the Giro and Tour in the same year since Marco Pantani in 1998.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClassificationsEdit
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A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points,<ref name="demystified" /> mountains,<ref name="demystified" /> and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations.<ref name="demystified" /> The oldest of the four classifications is the general classification.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/><ref name="demystified" /> The leader of each aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey.<ref name="demystified" /> If a rider leads more than one classification that awards, he wears the jersey of the most prestigious classification.<ref name="demystified" /> The abandoned jersey is worn by the rider who is second in the competition.<ref name="demystified" />
General classificationEdit
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The most sought after classification in the Giro d'Italia is the general classification.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/> All of the stages are timed to the finish, and after finishing the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times, so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/><ref name="demystified" /> The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's pink jersey.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/><ref name="demystified" /> The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he will wear the maglia rosa since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.
The color pink was chosen as the magazine that created the Giro, La Gazzetta dello Sport, printed its newspapers on pink paper.<ref name="demystified" /><ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The pink jersey was added to the race in the 1931 edition and it has since become a symbol of the Giro d'Italia.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/><ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The first rider to wear the pink jersey was Learco Guerra.<ref name="Livestrong Giro Info"/><ref name="gazzetta2005"/> Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Eddy Merckx wore the jersey for 78 stages, more than any other rider in the history of the Giro d'Italia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three riders have won the general classification five times in their career: Alfredo Binda, Fausto Coppi, and Eddy Merckx.<ref name="infostrada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The general classification winner was not always determined by a time system. In the inaugural Giro d'Italia the organizers chose to have a points system over a system based around elapsed time after the scandal that engulfed the 1904 Tour de France.<ref name="BRI 1909"/> In addition to that, the organizers chose the point system since it would be cheaper to count the placings of the riders rather than clocking the riders during each stage.<ref name="BRI 1909"/> The race leader was calculated by adding up each rider's placings in each stage and the rider with the lowest total was the leader; if a rider placed second in the first stage and third in the second stage, he would have five points total. The system was modified a year later to give the riders who placed 51st or higher in a stage 51 points and keep the point distribution system the same for the riders who placed 1st through 50th in a stage.<ref name="bikeraceinfo1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The calculation remained unmodified until 1912 where the organizers chose to have the race be centered around teams, while still keeping the point system.<ref name="BRI 1913 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The next year race organizers chose to revert to the system used in 1911.<ref name="BRI 1913 Giro"/> In 1914, the organizers shifted to the system used nowadays, where riders would have their finishing times for each stage totaled together to determine the overall leader.<ref name="BRI 1914 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
These are the time bonuses that the riders receive for crossing the lines in the first few positions:<ref name="2012 Giro Manual">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Type | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Plainstage.svg | Flat finish | 10″ | 6″ | 4″ |
| Intermediate Sprint | 3″ | 2″ | 1″ | |
Mountains classificationEdit
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The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Giro d'Italia. The mountains classification was added to the Giro d'Italia in 1933 Giro d'Italia and was first won by Alfredo Binda.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/><ref name="BRI 1933 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During mountain stages of the race, points are awarded to the rider who is first to reach the top of each significant climb.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> Points are also awarded for riders who closely follow the leader up each climb.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The number of points awarded varies according to the hill classification, which is determined by the steepness and length of the course.<ref name="demystified" /><ref name="gazzetta2005"/>
The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest number of climbing points.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> If a rider leads two or more of the categories, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest.<ref name="demystified" /> At the end of the Giro, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification.<ref name="demystified" /> In fact, some riders, particularly those who are neither sprinters nor particularly good at time-trialing, may attempt only to win this particular competition within the race. The Giro has four categories of mountains. They range from category 4, the easiest, to category 1, the hardest. There is also the Cima Coppi, the highest point reached in a particular Giro, which is worth more points than the race's other first-category climbs.<ref name="demystified" /> Gino Bartali has won the mountains classification a record seven times.<ref name="infostrada"/>
The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1974 Giro d'Italia, when the organizers decided to award a green jersey to the leader.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The green jersey was used until 2012, when the classification's sponsor, Banca Mediolanum, renewed its sponsorship for another four years and desired the jersey to be blue rather than green.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The point distribution for the mountains is as follows:
The points that are gained by consecutive riders reaching a mountain top are distributed according to 5 categories:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Tipologia | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Mountainstage.svg | Cima Coppi | 50 | 30 | 20 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| File:Mountainstage.svg | First Category | 40 (50) | 18 (24) | 12 (16) | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | - |
| File:Mountainstage.svg | Second Category | 18 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - |
| File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Third Category | 9 | 4 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Fourth Category | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
The figures in brackets are awarded if the first category climb is also the stage finish.
Points classificationEdit
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The points classification is the third oldest of the four jersey current awarding classifications in the Giro d'Italia. It was introduced in the 1966 Giro d'Italia and was first won by Gianni Motta.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/><ref name="BRI 1966 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Points are given to the rider who is first to reach the end of, or determined places during, any stage of the Giro. The red jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the largest number of points.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The rider who, at the end of the Giro, holds the most points, wins the points competition. Each stage win, regardless of the stage's categorization, awards 25 points, second place is worth 20 points, third 16, fourth 14, fifth 12, sixth 10, and one point less per place down the line, to a single point for fifteenth.<ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/> This means that a true sprinter might not always win the points classification. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. The classification has been won four times by two riders: Francesco Moser and Giuseppe Saronni.<ref name="infostrada"/>
In addition, stages can have one or more intermediate sprints: 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) are/is awarded to the first six cyclists passing these lines.<ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/> These points also count toward the TV classification (Traguardo Volante, or "flying sprint"), a separate award.<ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/>
The first year the points classification was used, it had no jersey that was given to the leader of the classification. In the 1967 Giro d'Italia, the red jersey was added for the leader of the classification.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> However, in 1969 the red jersey was changed to a cyclamen (purple) colored jersey.<ref name="demystified" /><ref name="gazzetta2005"/> It remained that color until 2010 when the organizers chose to change the jersey back to the color red in a return to the original color scheme for the three minor classifications, which reflected the colors of the Italian flag.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, in April 2017 RCS Sport, the organisers of the Giro, announced that the maglia ciclamino would be revived for the 2017 Giro d'Italia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The point distribution for the sprints are as follows:<ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/>
| Type | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th | 12th | 13th | 14th | 15th | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Time Trial.svg | Finish/Time Trial | 25 | 20 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Intermediate sprint | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
Young rider classificationEdit
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The young rider classification is restricted to riders who are no older than 25 during that calendar year.<ref name="demystified" /><ref name="Cycling News Maglia Bianca Info">Template:Cite news</ref> The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader.<ref name="demystified" /><ref name="Cycling News Maglia Bianca Info" /> This classification was added to the Giro d'Italia in the 1976 edition, with Alfio Vandi being the first to win the classification after placing seventh overall.<ref name="Cycling News Maglia Bianca Info" /> The classification was not contested between the years of 1995 and 2006.<ref name="demystified" /> The classification was reintroduced in the 2007, and has been in each Giro since.<ref name="demystified" /><ref name="Cycling News Maglia Bianca Info" /> The Giro d'Italia awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification.<ref name="Cycling News Maglia Bianca Info" /> Evgeni Berzin, Nairo Quintana and Tao Geoghegan Hart won the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year : in 1994, 2014 and 2020.<ref name="Cycling News Maglia Bianca Info" /> Four riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Vladimir Poulnikov, Pavel Tonkov, Bob Jungels and Miguel Ángel López.
Team classificationsEdit
There are two team classifications that are contested at the Giro d'Italia: the Trofeo Fast Team and the Trofeo Super Team. The Trofeo Fast Team is the older of the two as it was introduced in the first Giro d'Italia. It was first won by Atala. The Trofeo Fast Team is determined by adding the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage; the leading team is the team with the lowest total time.<ref name="demystified" /> The classification was simply called the team classification in each edition until the organizers changed it to the Trofeo Fast Team for the 1994 Giro d'Italia. Template:UCI team code won the Trofeo Fast Team classification in 2018.
The Trofeo Super Team was introduced at the 1993 Giro d'Italia. The name Trofeo Super Team was adopted for the 1994 edition of the Giro and been used ever since. The classification was first won by Ariostea in 1993. The classification is a team points classification, with the top 20 placed riders on each stage earning points (20 for first place, 19 for second place and so on, down to a single point for 20th) for their team. The Trofeo Super Team classification was discontinued in 2017, when it was won by Template:UCI team code.
Minor classificationsEdit
Other less well-known classifications, whose leaders did not receive a special jersey, are awarded during the Giro. These awards were based on points earned throughout the three weeks of the tour.<ref name="demystified" /> Each mass-start stage had one intermediate sprint, the Traguardo Volante, or TV. The TV gave bonus seconds towards the general classification, points towards the regular points classification, and also points towards the TV classification. This award was known by various names in previous years, and was previously time-based.<ref name="demystified" /> In 2013 this classification was renamed to the sprints classification and was won by Rafael Andriato.
Other awards include the Combativity classification, which was a compilation of points gained for position on crossing intermediate sprints, mountain passes and stage finishes.<ref name="demystified" /> It was won by Mark Cavendish in 2013. The Azzurri d'Italia classification is based on finishing order; however, points were awarded only to the top three finishers in each stage.<ref name="demystified" /> It was also most recently won by Mark Cavendish. Additionally, the Trofeo Fuga Pinarello rewarded riders who took part in a breakaway at the head of the field, each rider in an escape of ten or fewer riders getting one point for each kilometre that the group stayed clear.<ref name="demystified" /> Template:UCI team code's Rafael Andriato was first in this competition in 2013. Teams were given penalty points for minor technical infringements.<ref name="demystified" /> Several teams tied for the Fair Play classification in 2018 (and also in 2021), not receiving any points (the team's best placed rider in the General Classification then serves as a tie-breaker<ref name=GiroRegulations-2014-01a>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>).
Defunct classificationsEdit
In 1946 the maglia nera (black jersey) was introduced and awarded the cyclist who was last in the general classification.<ref name="gazzetta1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Riders sometimes deliberately wasted time in order to become last overall and so wear the black jersey.<ref name="gazzetta1"/> The classification was short lived, as it was last contested in the 1951 Giro d'Italia.<ref name="gazzetta1"/> The classification was won twice by Luigi Malabrocca, who won the classification in 1946 and 1947. The last winner of the maglia nera was Giovanni Pinarello.
The intergiro classification was introduced in 1989 and first won by Yugoslavian Jure Pavlič.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/><ref name="cyclingnews1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In each stage there would be a point, before the finish, where the riders would be timed until they crossed the line.<ref name="gazzetta2005"/> The times from each stage would then be added together for each rider to determine the leader of the classification. The leader of the classification was awarded a blue jersey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The classification was run each year since its addition until 2005.<ref name="cyclingnews1"/> The last winner of the classification was Stefano Zanini. Fabrizio Guidi won the classification three times, the most by any rider. Guidi won the classification in 1996, 1999, and 2000.<ref name="cyclingnews1"/>
There was also a combination classification that was introduced in the 1985 Giro d'Italia and was first won by Urs Freuler.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The classification was discontinued after the 1988 Giro d'Italia. For the 1988 edition of the Giro, the classification awarded a blue jersey.<ref name="Combination classification">Template:Cite news</ref> However, the classification was reintroduced for the 2006 Giro d'Italia and was won by Paolo Savoldelli.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The classification was not brought back in the 2007 Giro d'Italia.
The raceEdit
The Giro d'Italia contains either 21 or 20 stages and a prologue (an individual time trial under Template:Convert in length) and two or three rest days.<ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/><ref name="autogenerated40">Template:Cite report</ref> There are three types of stages that are used in the Giro d'Italia: the mass-start stages, individual time trials, and team time trials.<ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/><ref name="dummies1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The mass-start stages make up most of the 21 racing days of each year's Giro d'Italia,<ref name="dummies1"/> there are usually two time trials in each edition of the Giro d'Italia, and sometimes three if there is a prologue or team time trial. In mass start stages there are time bonuses of ten, six and four seconds for the first three finishers, and, in some years, bonuses of three, two and one seconds at intermediate sprints.<ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/><ref name="dummies1"/>
Italian sprinter Mario Cipollini holds the record of 42 stage victories.<ref name="Yahoo Sports UK">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Giro d'Italia is known for its steep and difficult climbs. Each race features a few stages that contain many climbs of high severity. The race traditionally passes through the Alps with some of the longest climbs in the Dolomites. The first Alpine pass included was the Sestriere in 1911.<ref name="bikeraceinfo2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Dolomites were first included in the Giro in 1937, when the race crossed over the Rolle Pass and the Passo di Costalunga.<ref name="Le Giro a 100 ans">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="BRI 1937 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some of the most famous mountains used in the Giro are the Passo dello Stelvio,<ref name="STELVIO">Template:Cite news</ref> Passo Pordoi, and the Passo di Gavia. Since 1965 the highest point in the Giro d'Italia has been dubbed the Cima Coppi in honor of the great Italian climber Fausto Coppi.<ref name="BRI 1965 Giro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The first Giro time trial was over Template:Convert between Bologna and Ferrara in 1933 and was won by Alfredo Binda.<ref name="BRI 1933 Giro"/> A time trial is sometimes used as the penultimate or final stage, and some editions have featured a mountain time trial stage. The first stage in modern Giros is often a short trial, a prologue, to decide who wears pink on the opening day. The first prologue occurred in the 1968 Giro d'Italia.<ref name="BRI 1968 Giro"/> The route stretched Template:Convert around the streets of Campione d'Italia and was won by the Frenchman Charly Grosskost.<ref name="BRI 1968 Giro"/> The riders raced the course in an unusual format, with the riders racing in ten groups of thirteen and the time not being counted towards their overall time.<ref name="BRI 1968 Giro"/>
The first team time trial occurred in the 1937 Giro d'Italia<ref name="BRI 1937 Giro"/> and was won by the Italian team, Legnano.<ref name="BRI 1937 Giro"/><ref name="cyclingweekly1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="cyclingnews2"/> The course was Template:Convert in length and stretched from Viareggio to Marina di Massa.<ref name="BRI 1937 Giro"/><ref name="cyclingnews2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Giro takes place mainly in Italy, but some stages have departure or conclusion locations in, or pass through, the neighboring countries of San Marino, France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and Vatican City State. The other countries visited, usually in connection with the opening stages of the race, are Belgium, Luxembourg, Croatia, Denmark, Ireland, Germany, Greece, Israel, Netherlands, Monaco and the United Kingdom.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The start and finish of the GiroEdit
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For nearly half a century, the Giro started and finished by Milan, the city where the headquarters of the Gazzetta dello Sport is located.<ref name="milan1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CN Milan finish">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1911 these events took place in Rome to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Italy's unification.<ref name="bikeraceinfo2"/> With the occasional exception, the start and finish in Milan were the standard for the Giro d'Italia. However, since the 1960s the place of departure has changed each year<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and finishes in cities such as Verona, Brescia, Trieste, Turin and Rome have become more frequent.
The start of the Giro d'Italia (La Grande Partenza) is a significant occasion and cities invest heavily, hoping to recoup the cost in tourism, exposure and other benefits: Denmark spent an estimated $3.86 million to host the opening stages of the 2012 edition.<ref name="VN Starts">Template:Cite news</ref>
Starts outside ItalyEdit
For the first 47 editions of the race, the race started on Italian soil. In 1965 the race made its first foreign start in San Marino, and has since had twelve more foreign starts.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="VN Starts"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2018 start in Jerusalem was met with controversy as activists called for the race to be moved, claiming that the race whitewashes Israel's human rights record.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ctprotest">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ultimately, the race went ahead as scheduled and every team selected for the Giro took part, including two teams of Arabic ownership: the Bahrain-Mérida team and the United Arab Emirates team.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The intended start of the 2020 race in Hungary was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||
| Year | Country | City | Ref(s). | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1965 | Template:Flagicon San Marino | City of San Marino | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="Giro Starts CN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| 1966 | Template:Flagicon Monaco | Monte Carlo | <ref name="dailypeloton1"/><ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 1973 | Template:Flagicon Belgium | Verviers | <ref name="dailypeloton1"/><ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 1974 | Template:Flagicon Vatican City | Vatican City | <ref name="dailypeloton1"/><ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 1996 | Template:Flagicon Greece | Athens | <ref name="dailypeloton1"/><ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 1998 | Template:Flagicon France | Nice | <ref name="dailypeloton1"/><ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 2002 | Template:Flagicon Netherlands | Groningen | <ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 2006 | Template:Flagicon Belgium | Seraing | <ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 2010 | Template:Flagicon Netherlands | Amsterdam | <ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 2012 | Template:Flagicon Denmark | Herning | <ref name="2012 Giro Manual"/><ref name="Giro Starts CN"/> | ||
| 2014 | Template:Flagicon Northern Ireland | Belfast | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 2016 | Template:Flagicon Netherlands | Apeldoorn | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| 2018 | Template:Flagicon Israel | Jerusalem | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 2022 | Template:Flagicon Hungary | Budapest | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 2025 | Template:Flagicon Albania | Durrës | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Media coverageEdit
The Giro is broadcast throughout Europe, and also available in other areas throughout the globe:
- Europe: Eurosport
- Italy: Rai Sport
- France: L'Équipe TV
- United States: HBO Max<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Related eventsEdit
A women's edition of the Giro – the Giro d'Italia Women – has been staged since 1988.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Part of the UCI Women's World Tour, it is one of the longest races in women's professional cycling, usually taking place over eight to ten days.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since 2024, the race has been organised by RCS Sport, who also organise the men's race.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
An under 23 edition of the Giro was first staged in 1970. Currently branded as Giro Next Gen, this race is also organised by RCS Sport.<ref name=":1" />
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Works citedEdit
External linksEdit
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