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Jingdezhen is a prefecture-level city in eastern Jiangxi province with a total population of 1,669,057 (2018),<ref name="Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> bordering Anhui to the north. It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producing Chinese ceramics for at least 1,000 years, and for much of that period Jingdezhen porcelain was the most important and finest quality in China. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2,000 years.
HistoryEdit
Throughout both the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the area of present-day Jingdezhen belonged to the Chu State.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After the fall of the Chu, the area was incorporated into the Qin dynasty as part of Fan County (Template:Lang-zh) in Template:Interlanguage link.<ref name=":0" /> Under the Han dynasty, the area belonged to Poyang County (Template:Lang-zh) in Template:Interlanguage link.<ref name=":0" /> Under the Han dynasty, the particular area of future Jingdezhen was known as Xinping (Template:Lang-zh).<ref name=":0" /> Historical records show that it was during this time that it began to make porcelain.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The town was established during the Jin dynasty under the name Changnan (Template:Lang-zh),<ref name=":0" /> due to its location on the south bank of the Chang river.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref> The town's name would be changed twice, first in 742 CE to Fuliang (Template:Lang-zh), and then in 1004 to Jingdezhen, its current name,<ref name=":0" /> after the era name of the Emperor Zhenzong of Song during whose reign its porcelain production first rose to fame.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The town was placed under the jurisdiction of Fuliang County.<ref name=":0" />
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jingdezhen was considered one of China's four great towns in terms of commercial and industrial importance. The others were Foshan in Guangdong, Hankou in Hubei, and Zhuxian in Henan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1855 during the Taiping Rebellion, Taiping forces destroyed all 9,000 kilns in Jingdezhen. They would be rebuilt after the war in 1866.Template:Citation needed
In the 19th century, Jingdezhen became a county.Template:Citation needed
On April 29, 1949, Communist forces took the city.<ref name=":0" />
On May 4, 1949, it was upgraded to a prefecture city. However, to honor its history, Jingdezhen retained it the word zhen meaning town in its name. Usually when a town is upgraded to a city, the designation of shi meaning city replaces that of zhen.<ref name="江西瓷都景德镇市是镇还是市?历史上曾经短暂叫过景德市">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In June 1953 Jindezhen was upgraded into a provincial level city.<ref name="江西瓷都景德镇市是镇还是市?历史上曾经短暂叫过景德市"/>
In 1960, Fuliang County was merged into the city.<ref name=":0" />
Jingdezhen was named one of top 24 national historical and cultural cities of the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1982.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In July 1983, Leping County was also merged into the city.<ref name=":0" /> In October 1988, Fuliang County was re-established, and in September 1992, Leping County was re-established as a county-level city.<ref name=":0" />
In 2004, Jingdezhen celebrated the millennium of its becoming the porcelain capital and it is assuming its present name.
Due to the relatively low cost of living and the heritage of the porcelain industry, Jingdezhen has become a haven for young artists from all over China, who are often referred to known as Jingpiao (景漂).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GeographyEdit
Jingdezhen is situated in the north-east of Jiangxi and borders on Anhui; the city center area is located in the north-east of the Poyang Lake Plain. Its area is Template:Convert.<ref name="tea1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The highest point is Template:Convert, with plains on the southern part having an average altitude of Template:Convert.
There are some cities and counties between Jiangxi and Anhui Province around Jingdezhen. To its north, northwest and northeast are Dongzhi, Xiuning, and Qimen County of Anhui province. To its south are Wannian County and Yiyang County. To its west is Boyang County. Lastly, to its southeast are Wuyuan County and Dexing City.
The prefecture's natural resources include kaolin, coal, manganese, and lime. Although various forms of kaolin has since been found around the world, it was the Jingdezhen kilns who first perfected its use in combination with petuntse to create world-class hard-paste porcelain. The name "kaolin" itself derives from the French Jesuit d'Entrecolles's transcription of the local term Template:Translit ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), taken from Gaoling ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Translit), a village in Ehu Town in Fuliang County that provided most of the city's kaolin during the early and mid-Qing dynasty.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
ClimateEdit
Jingdezhen has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) affected by the East Asian monsoon, with long, humid, very hot summers and cool and drier winters with occasional cold snaps. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from Template:Convert in January to Template:Convert in July, with an annual average of Template:Convert. The average annual precipitation is Template:Convert. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 25% in March to 56% in August, the city receives 1,798 hours of bright sunshine annually. Winter begins somewhat sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier; spring begins especially gloomy, and from March to July each of the months averages more than Template:Convert of rainfall. Summer is the sunniest season here, while autumn remains warm to mild and relatively dry. Extreme maximum temperatures of above Template:Convert have been recorded, as have extreme minimums below Template:Convert.
Administrative divisionsEdit
The city of Jingdezhen is divided into 4 county-level divisions: Zhushan District, Changjiang District, Fuliang County, and the county-level city of Leping.<ref name=":0" /> These 4 county-level divisions administer 52 township-level divisions, and 687 village-level divisions.<ref name=":0" />
English Name | Hanzi<ref name=":0" /> | Division Type<ref name=":0" /> | Population (2007) |
---|---|---|---|
Zhushan District | lang}} | District | 279,357 |
Changjiang District | lang}} | District | 170,229 |
Fuliang County | lang}} | County | 280,029 |
Leping City | lang}} | County-level city | 832,142 |
Map |
---|
PorcelainEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Jingdezhen may have produced pottery as early as the sixth century CE, though it is named after the reign name of Emperor Zhenzong, in whose reign it became a major kiln site, around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain, which it has remained, increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries. For several centuries, almost all top quality Chinese porcelain has come from the town.<ref>Vainker, 176, 216; Rawson, 238–239, 242</ref> From the Ming period onwards, official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor, making "imperial porcelain" in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts.
Although apparently an unpromising location for potteries, being a remote town in a hilly region, Jingdezhen is close to the best quality deposits of petuntse, more contemporarily called pottery stone,<ref>’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664)</ref><ref>’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95</ref><ref>‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’ Asian Ceramics. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37.</ref><ref>‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai. Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg, 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110.</ref> in China, as well as being surrounded by forests, mostly of pine, providing wood for the kilns. It also has a river leading to river systems flowing north and south, facilitating transport of fragile wares.<ref>Vainker, 176</ref> The imperial kilns were in the centre of the city at Zhushan (Pearl Hill), with many other kilns four kilometres away at Hutian.<ref>Krahl</ref>
It has produced a great variety of pottery and porcelain, for the Chinese market and as Chinese export porcelain, but its best-known high quality porcelain wares have been successively Qingbai ware in the Song and Yuan dynasties, blue and white porcelain from the 1330s, and the "famille rose" and other "famille" colours under the Qing dynasty. The town continues to produce cheaper tablewares in great quantity, as well as more expensive decorative pieces. During the Cultural Revolution, Jingdezhen produced a large number of porcelain Mao badges and statues of a seated Mao Zedong.
Jingdezhen porcelain has fetched record prices at auctions, with a blue and white porcelain jar produced during the Yuan dynasty auctioning for $27.7 million in London in 2005,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a porcelain cup produced during the Ming dynasty auctioning for $36.3 million in 2014.<ref name=":1" />
- Jingdezhen soft paste porcelain flower holder Famille Rose 1736 1796 Qianlong period.jpg
Jingdezhen soft paste porcelain flower holder, "Famille Rose", 1736–1796, Qianlong period
- Jingdezhen blue and white plate Yuan period mid 14th century.jpg
Jingdezhen blue and white plate, mid-14th century
- Porcelain plate - Jingdezhen.jpg
Early Kangxi 17th century, Jingdezhen Ware, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan
- Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi.jpg
Ming plate with grape design, 15th century, Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi, British Museum
- Chinese - Wine Jar with Carp among Water Weeds and Lotuses - Walters 491917 - View G.jpg
Wine Jar with Carp among Water Weeds and Lotuses, 16th century, The Walters Art Museum
EconomyEdit
Jingdezhen serves as an important industrial and commercial base in Jiangxi Province. In 2018, Jingdezhen achieved a GDP of 92.611 billion yuan.<ref name=":0" /> Of this, 6.62% of the city's GDP came from its primary sector, 44.22% came from its secondary sector, and the remaining 49.16% came from its tertiary sector.<ref name=":0" />
As of 2018, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in the city is ¥37,183, which ranks third among prefecture-level divisions in Jiangxi (behind Nanchang and Xinyu).<ref name=":0" /> Per capita disposable income for rural residents for 2018 is ¥16,510, which ranks fourth among prefecture-level divisions in Jiangxi (behind Pingxiang, Xinyu, and Nanchang).<ref name=":0" />
For 2018, the city's public budget revenue was ¥8.98555 billion, and its public budget expenditure was ¥20.43550 billion.<ref name=":0" />
IndustryEdit
There are some important industrial enterprises in Jingdezhen City, such as Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation; Jingdezhen Ceramics; Jingdezhen Refrigeration Compressor, etc.Template:Citation needed
Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation, a subsidiary of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China, is based in Jingdezhen.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The firm, established in 1969, mainly sells helicopters to the People's Liberation Army, but also does business with firms such as Boeing, Sikorsky, and Leonardo.<ref name=":2" /> Changhe produces aircraft parts for the Boeing 767-300BCF.Template:Citation needed
Jiangxi Changhe Automobile Co Ltd, commonly known as Changhe, is an automotive firm owned by BAIC Group which is based in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The firm is forecast to produce 53,400 vehicles in 2019.<ref name=":0" />
Jingdezhen Ceramics Co Ltd (Template:Lang-zh) is a joint venture with a French company and is most famous of Jingdezhen's ceramic companies.Template:Citation needed In February 2002, then-CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin presented a porcelain set produced by the company under its Hongye (Template:Lang-zh) brand to U.S. President George W. Bush.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Jingdezhen Refrigeration Compressor Company is well known in China for its non-Eph refrigeration compressor.Template:Citation needed It holds a 20% share of its market in China.Template:Citation needed
AgricultureEdit
Agricultural Economic Data of Jingdezhen (2007) | |||||
Economic Item | Unit | Data | |||
Name of Items | Statistics range | ||||
Agricultural GDP | city | RMB(yuan) | 3.8 billion | ||
Sown area of grain | city | Mu | 13.22 billion | ||
Grain output | city | ton | 515,000 | ||
Meat production | city | ton | 47,000 | ||
Forestry production | city | RMB(yuan) | 2.41 million | ||
Animal husbandry output value | city | RMB(yuan) | 1.036 billion | ||
Fishery production | city | RMB(yuan) | 262 million | ||
Agricultural services industry | city | RMB(yuan) | 161 million | ||
Tea output | Fuliang County | RMB(yuan) | 123 million | ||
Aquaculture output | Changjiang District | RMB(yuan) | 200 million | ||
Source: Jingdezhen People's Government<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Jingdezhen is a major agricultural center in Jiangxi, with extensive rice cultivation within its boundaries. The area is also an important producer of commodity grain, pigs, and cotton.
In Fuliang County there are some large-scale tea plantations and processing facilities.Template:Citation needed The tea of Fuliang County is well known in China.Template:Citation needed Bai Juyi, a famous poet of Tang dynasty China, wrote a poem that says "My merchant loved money more than family, he left me to go to Fuliang to buy tea last month".Template:Citation needed This suggests that one thousand years ago Fuliang was already well known for its tea.Template:Citation needed In 1915, Fuliang's "Fuhong" brand tea won a golden prize in Panama–Pacific International Exposition.Template:Citation needed
Leping City, the "Vegetable Township of South China"Template:Citation needed, is a major vegetable growing and processing area for Jiangxi Province even for China. Its vegetable output and sales are important to the agricultural economy of Jiangxi Province. In 2007, Leping had 1.7 million hectares under cultivation that produced a total output of 620,000 tons.Template:Citation needed The Agriculture Ministry of China also designated Leping as a demonstration zone for "pollution-free" vegetable production.Template:Citation needed
TransportationEdit
Jingdezhen is the most important transportation hub in the northeast region of Jiangxi province.Template:Citation needed Historically, Jingdezhen's main communication route was via the Chang River.Template:Citation needed It could ship its porcelain down the Chang to Poyang Lake and connected there with the Yangtze River in Hukou County, Jiangxi Province.Template:Citation needed From there the porcelain could get to the coast for export. Today, the city is connected to the rest of China via road, rail, and air.
RoadEdit
- G35, running from Jinan, Shandong to Guangzhou, Guangdong,
- G56 Hangzhou-Ruili Highway from Hangzhou, Zhejiang to Ruili, Yunnan,
- G206, running from Yantai, Shandong to Shantou, Guangdong.
RailEdit
The Anhui–Jiangxi Railway connects Jingdezhen to many key cities in China such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Jinan, Qingdao, Hefei, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Nanchang, Kunming and Guiyang, etc.Template:Citation needed In addition, the Jiujiang- Jingdezhen-Quzhou Railway is under construction.Template:Citation needed In the near future, the two rail lines will intersect in Jingdezhen, and make the city an important rail transportation hub in Jiangxi Province and East China.Template:Citation needed The Jingdezhen Railway Station is located in the city center and is under the control of the Nanchang Railway Bureau.Template:Citation needed
AirEdit
Jingdezhen Luojia Airport is located at Luojian Village, northwest of Jingdezhen city, and about Template:Convert from the city's downtown.Template:Citation needed
CAAC statistics show that in 2008 Jingdezhen Airport served 189,256 passengers, 81st among all Chinese airports.<ref name=":3" /> Annual cargo and mail traffic was 119.8 tons; annual landings were 2,424, ranking 111st and 91st respectively in China.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
There are flights from Jingdezhen to Beijing(CA), Shanghai(ZH), Guangzhou(ZH), Shenzhen(ZH), Chengdu(CA), Hangzhou(MU), Fuzhou(ZH), Kunming(MU), Xiamen(CA), Xi'an(ZH).Template:Citation needed There are no international flights. Jingdezhen Airport is the second largest airport in Jiangxi Province.Template:Citation needed The largest is at Nanchang.Template:Citation needed
Local transitEdit
There was only one bus line in Jingdezhen before the 1980s, which was from Huang-ni-tou to Nan-men-tou with a total line distance of Template:Convert.Template:Citation needed In that time, the city had no taxi service and the buses were channel-type bus, it could carry more than one hundred passengers at most at the same time.Template:Citation needed This kinds of buses were renewed when they were operated to the end of 1990s.Template:Citation needed
Currently, Jingdezhen public buses and taxis are the two main means of transportation within the cityTemplate:Citation needed. Nearly more than 20 public bus lines crisscross the city and its countryside.Template:Citation needed Taxis in Jingdezhen are plentiful; fares start at ¥8 for the first Template:Convert.Template:Citation needed
EducationEdit
Jingdezhen has 4 higher education institutions, 110 secondary schools, 328 primary schools, and 4 special education schools.<ref name=":0" />
The city's 4 higher education institutions are the Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute (JCI), Template:Interlanguage link, Jiangxi Ceramic Arts and Crafts Vocational and Technical College (Template:Lang-zh), and Jingdezhen Ceramic Vocational and Technical College (Template:Lang-zh).
Among the city's secondary schools is the No.1 Middle School of Jingdezhen, which was founded in 1940. It is famous for its success rate, relative to other schools in Jiangxi Province, in placing its students in Chinese colleges.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Public healthEdit
Jingdezhen has more than 20 medical service institutions with a total 2182 beds.Template:Citation needed Doctors and nurses number 2,672. It has the largest hospital system in the north-east of Jiangxi Province. The No.1, No.2 and No.3 People's Hospital of Jingdezhen are the most important hospitals in the city; the No.4 People's Hospital is a psychiatric hospital.Template:Citation needed
TourismEdit
Travel OverviewEdit
Jingdezhen is a major tourism destination within Jiangxi Province, receiving 85.063 million tourists in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> Many of the city's tourist attractions are related to the city's famous ceramics, including the Template:Interlanguage link, a 5A tourist attraction.<ref name=":0" /> Jingdezhen also has 8 4A tourist attractions, and 14 3A tourist attractions.<ref name=":0" /> The city also provides access to nearby popular tourist areas such as Lushan, Huangshan, and Wuyuan.Template:Citation needed
At present, Jingdezhen has the most tourist hotels of any city in Jiangxi Province.Template:Citation needed In the city there is one quasi-five-star hotel, two four-star hotels, and many three-star and other common grade hotels.Template:Citation needed
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
- Template:Flagicon: [Safi], Maroc
- Template:Flagicon: Arita, Saga, Japan
- Template:Flagicon: Seto, Aichi, Japan<ref name=International>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon: Icheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Template:Flagicon: Redbridge, London, UK
- Template:Flagicon: Delft, South Holland, Netherlands
- Template:Flagicon: Door County, Wisconsin, US
DomesticEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Curtis, Julia B., Stephen Little & Mary Ann Rogers, Trade taste and transformation, Jingdezhen porcelain for Japan, 1620–1645, New York, China Institute Gallery, 2006. Template:ISBN
External linksEdit
- Official site of the Jingdezhen Government Template:Webarchive (Languages: English, Chinese)
FootnotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Krahl, Regina, "Jingdezhen" Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. subscription required
- Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, Template:ISBN
- Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, Template:ISBN
Template:Jiangxi topics Template:Jiangxi Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China