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Tyrant flycatcher

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The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) comprise a family of passerine birds which is found virtually throughout North and South America. It is the world's largest family of birds, with more than 400 species, and is the most diverse avian family in every country in the Americas, except for the United States and Canada. The members vary greatly in shape, patterns, size, and colors. Some tyrant flycatchers may superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, which they are named after but are not closely related to. The Tyrannidae is a member of suborder Tyranni (suboscines), a group that lacks the sophisticated vocal capabilities of most other songbirds.<ref name="HBW9">del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Christie, D. (editors). (2004) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions. Template:ISBN</ref>

A number of species previously included in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (see Systematics). Sibley and Alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera Mionectes, Leptopogon, Pseudotriccus, Poecilotriccus, Taenotriccus, Hemitriccus, Todirostrum and Corythopis as a separate family Pipromorphidae,<ref name=rheindt2008>Template:Cite journal</ref> but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family, they are not each other's closest relatives.<ref name=rheindt2008/>

DescriptionEdit

Most species are rather plain, with various hues of brown, gray and white commonplace, often providing some degree of presumed camouflage. Obvious exceptions include the bright red vermilion flycatcher, blue, black, white and yellow many-colored rush-tyrant and some species of tody-flycatchers or tyrants, which are often yellow, black, white and/or rufous, from the Todirostrum, Hemitriccus and Poecilotriccus genera. Several species have bright yellow underparts, from the ornate flycatcher to the great kiskadee. Some species have erectile crests. Several of the large genera (i.e. Elaenia, Myiarchus or Empidonax) are quite difficult to tell apart in the field due to similar plumage and some are best distinguished by their voices. Behaviorally they can vary from species such as spadebills which are tiny, shy and live in dense forest interiors to kingbirds, which are relatively large, bold, inquisitive and often inhabit open areas near human habitations. As the name implies, a great majority of tyrant flycatchers are almost entirely insectivorous (though not necessarily specialized in flies). Tyrant flycatchers are largely opportunistic feeders and often catch any flying or arboreal insect they encounter. However, food can vary greatly and some (like the large great kiskadee) will eat fruit or small vertebrates (e.g. small frogs). In North America, most species are associated with a "sallying" feeding style, where they fly up to catch an insect directly from their perch and then immediately return to the same perch. Most tropical species, however, do not feed in this fashion and several types prefer to glean insects from leaves and bark. Tropical species are sometimes found in mixed-species foraging flocks, where various types of passerines and other smallish birds are found feeding in proximity.

The smallest family members are the closely related short-tailed pygmy tyrant and black-capped pygmy tyrant from the genus Myiornis (the first species usually being considered marginally smaller on average). These species reach a total length of Template:Convert and a weight of Template:Convert. By length, they are the smallest passerines on earth, although some species of Old World warblers apparently rival them in their minuscule mean body masses if not in total length.<ref name = "CRC">CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), Template:ISBN.</ref> The minuscule size and very short tail of the Myiornis pygmy tyrants often lend them a resemblance to a tiny ball or insect. The largest tyrant flycatcher is the great shrike-tyrant at Template:Convert and Template:Convert. A few species such as the streamer-tailed tyrant, scissor-tailed flycatcher and fork-tailed flycatcher have a larger total length — up to Template:Convert in the fork-tailed flycatcher at least — but this is mainly due to their extremely long tails; the fork-tailed flycatcher has the longest tail feathers of any known bird relative to their size (this being in reference to true tail feathers, not to be confused with elongated tail streamers as seen in some from the Phasianidae family of galliforms).<ref name = "BirdAlmanac"/>

Habitat and distributionEdit

Species richness of Tyrannidae, when compared to habitat, is highly variable, although most every land habitat in the Americas has at least some of these birds. The habitats of tropical lowland evergreen forest and montane evergreen forest have the highest single site species diversity while many habitats including rivers, palm forest, white sand forest, tropical deciduous forest edge, southern temperate forest, southern temperate forest edge, semi-humid/humid montane scrub, and northern temperate grassland have the lowest single species diversity. The variation between the highest and the lowest is extreme; ninety species can be found in the tropical lowland evergreen forests while the number of species that can be found in the habitats listed above typically are in the single digits. This may be due in part to the fewer niches found in certain areas and therefore fewer places for the species to occupy.

Tyrannidae specialization among habitats is very strong in tropical lowland evergreen forests and montane evergreen forests. These habitat types, therefore, display the greatest specialization. The counts differ by three species (tropical lowland evergreen forests have 49 endemic species and montane evergreen forests have 46 endemic species). It can be assumed that they both have similar levels of specialization.

Regionally, the Atlantic Forest has the highest species richness with the Chocó following closely behind.

Status and conservationEdit

The northern beardless tyrannulet (Camptostoma imberbe) is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.<ref>"List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013" Template:Webarchive U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</ref> This species is common south of the US border. The situation for a number of other species from South and Central America is far more problematic. In 2007, BirdLife International (and consequently IUCN) considered two species, the Minas Gerais tyrannulet and Kaempfer's tody-tyrant critically endangered. Both are endemic to Brazil. Additionally, seven species were considered endangered and eighteen species vulnerable.<ref>BirdLife International (2007). Species factsheets. Accessed 12 December 2007 available online Template:Webarchive</ref>

SystematicsEdit

The family's name is derived from an early description of the eastern kingbird as "the tyrant" by naturalist Mark Catesby in the 1730s. Carl Linnaeus adopted that name for the entire family Tyrannidae, because he admired Catesby's work.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The family contains 447 species divided into 104 genera.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A full list, sortable by common and binomial names, is at list of tyrant flycatcher species. Species in the genera Tityra, Pachyramphus, Laniocera and Xenopsaris were formerly placed in this family, but evidence suggested they belong in their own family, the Tityridae,<ref>Adopt the Family Tityridae Template:Webarchive – South American Classification Committee (2007)</ref> where they are now placed by SACC.

Image Genus Species
File:Piprites pileata - Black-capped Piprites (Male) 01.JPG Piprites Template:Small
File:PIOLHINHO (Phyllomyias fasciatus).jpg Phyllomyias Template:Small
File:Phyllomyias burmeisteri - Rough-legged tyrannulet; Extrema, Minas Gerais, Brazil.jpg Acrochordopus Template:Small
File:Ashy-headed Tyrannulet - South Ecuador S4E8985 (16250969804) (cropped).jpg Tyranniscus Template:Small
File:Tyrannulus elatus Tiranuelo coronado Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet (6515681957).jpg Tyrannulus Template:Small
File:Myiopagis cotta 1.jpg Myiopagis Template:Small
File:Elaenia spectabilis-Large Elaenia.JPG Elaenia Template:Small
File:Brown-capped Tyrannulet (Ornithion brunneicapillus) (8079747729).jpg Ornithion Template:Small
File:Camptostoma obsoletum obsoletum - Southern beardless tyrannulet.jpg Camptostoma Template:Small
File:Suiriri suiriri - Suiriri flycatcher Argentina.jpg Suiriri Template:Small
File:Mecocerculus hellmayri - Buff-banded tyrannulet.jpg Mecocerculus Template:Small
File:Tufted Tit-Tyrant.jpg Anairetes Template:Small
File:Anairetes agilis.jpg Uromyias Template:Small
File:Serpophaga subcristata -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg Serpophaga Template:Small
File:Phaeomyias murina1.jpg Nesotriccus Template:Small
File:Capsiempis flaveola -Costa Rica-8 (1).jpg Capsiempis Template:Small
File:Polystictus superciliaris - Grey-backed Tachuri.JPG Polystictus Template:Small
File:Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana - Dinelli's doradito.jpg Pseudocolopteryx Template:Small
File:Pseudotriccus ruficeps -NBII Image Gallery-a00198.jpg Pseudotriccus Template:Small
File:Corythopis delalandi -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg Corythopis Template:Small
File:Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant Euscarthmus rufomarginatus.jpg Euscarthmus Template:Small
File:Pseudelaenia leucospodia - Gray-and-white Tyrannulet (cropped).jpg Pseudelaenia Template:Small
File:Stigmatura budytoides - Greater wagtail tyrant.JPG Stigmatura Template:Small
File:Golden-faced Tyrannulet - Colombia S4E9917.jpg Zimmerius Template:Small
File:Phylloscartes poecilotis (Atrapamoscas variegado) - Flickr - Alejandro Bayer (1).jpg Pogonotriccus Template:Small
File:Cinnamon-faced Tyrannulet - Manu NP - Perù 7710 (16666057107).jpg Phylloscartes Template:Small
File:Mionectes rufiventris.jpg Mionectes Template:Small
File:Leptopogon amaurocephalus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg Leptopogon Template:Small
File:Suiriri islerorum - Chapada Flycatcher.JPG Guyramemua Template:Small
File:Sublegatus modestus - Southern scrub flycatcher.JPG Sublegatus Template:Small
File:Inezia subflava - Amazonian inezia, Anavilhanas National Park, Novo Airão, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg Inezia Template:Small
File:Myiophobus fasciatus 54670465.jpg Myiophobus Template:Small
File:Myiophobus pulcher (Atrapamoscas musguero) - Flickr - Alejandro Bayer.jpg Nephelomyias Template:Small
File:Ornate Flycatcher - South Ecuador S4E0633.jpg Myiotriccus Template:Small
File:Tachuris rubrigastra - Many-coloured rush-tyrant.JPG Tachuris Template:Small
File:Culicivora caudacuta Sharp-tailed Tyrant.JPG Culicivora Template:Small
File:Hemitriccus striaticollis - Stripe-necked Tody Tyrant; Arari; Maranhão, Brazil.jpg Hemitriccus Template:Small
File:Myiornis auricularis 1.jpg Myiornis Template:Small
File:Southern Bentbill.jpg Oncostoma Template:Small
File:Lophotriccus galeatus - Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil 02.jpg Lophotriccus Template:Small
File:Pale-eyed Pygmy-Tyrant.jpg Atalotriccus Template:Small
File:Poecilotriccus ruficeps (Tiranuelo capirrufo) (14450043293).jpg Poecilotriccus Template:Small
File:Taeniotriccus andrei - Black-chested Tyrant (male), Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil.jpg Taeniotriccus Template:Small
File:Todirostrum poliocephalum3.jpg Todirostrum – typical tody-flycatchers Template:Small
File:Cnipodectes subbrunneus - Brownish twistwing, Careiro, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg Cnipodectes Template:Small
File:Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus - Fulvous-breasted Flatbill - 3.jpg Rhynchocyclus Template:Small
File:Tolmomyias flaviventris - Yellow-breasted Flycatcher.JPG Tolmomyias Template:Small
File:Calyptura cristata.jpg Calyptura Template:Small
File:Platyrinchus coronatus - Golden-crowned spadebill.jpg Platyrinchus Template:Small
File:Neopipo cinnamomea - Cinnamon neopipo.jpg Neopipo Template:Small
File:Cinnamon Flycatcher (Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus).jpg Pyrrhomyias Template:Small
File:Gibão de couro.jpg Hirundinea Template:Small
File:Gray-breasted Flycatcher - South Ecuador S4E9465.jpg Lathrotriccus Template:Small
File:Aphanotriccus capitalis -near Rancho Naturalista, Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica-8.jpg Aphanotriccus Template:Small
File:Cnemotriccus fuscatus - Fuscous Flycatcher; Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.jpg Cnemotriccus Template:Small
File:Pileated Flycatcher - Mexico S4E9492 (16251012834).jpg Xenotriccus Template:Small
File:Sayornis phoebe -Owen Conservation Park, Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg Sayornis – phoebes Template:Small
File:Mitrephanes phaeocercus -Costa Rica-8a.jpg Mitrephanes Template:Small
File:Tropical Pewee - Rio Tigre - Costa Rica.jpg Contopus Template:Small
File:Black-capped Flycatcher - Central Highlands - Costa Rica MG 7063 (26603418092).jpg Empidonax Template:Small
File:Pyrocephalus rubinus Titiribí pechirrojo Vermilion Flycatcher (male) (17321352426).jpg Pyrocephalus Template:Small
File:Ochthornis littoralis - Drab Water-Tyrant.jpg Ochthornis Template:Small
File:Satrapa icterophrys -Argentina-8.jpg Satrapa Template:Small
File:LittleGround-Tyrant.jpg Syrtidicola Template:Small
File:Spot-billed Ground-Tyrant.jpg Muscisaxicola – ground tyrants Template:Small
File:Andean Negrito (Lessonia oreas) on the ground, side view.jpg Lessonia Template:Small
File:Hymenops perspicillatus Argentina.jpg Hymenops Template:Small
File:Knipolegus cyanirostris -Reserva Guainumbi, Sao Luis do Paraitinga, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg Knipolegus Template:Small
File:Red-rumped-Bush-tyrant.jpg Cnemarchus Template:Small
File:White Monjita (Xolmis irupero)-8.jpg Xolmis Template:Small
File:Fire-eyed Diucon RWD.jpg Pyrope Template:Small
File:Xolmis cinereus -Fazenda Campo de Ouro, Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg Nengetus Template:Small
File:Xolmis coronatus - Black-crowned Monjita; San Javier, Río Negro, Uruguay.jpg Neoxolmis Template:Small
File:Myiotheretes striaticollis Atrapamoscas chiflaperro Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant (13975951386).jpg Myiotheretes Template:Small
File:Agriornis montanus - Black-billed shrike-tyrant.jpg Agriornis – shrike-tyrants Template:Small
File:Gubernetes yetapa -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg Gubernetes Template:Small
File:Muscipipra vetula 1.jpeg Muscipipra Template:Small
File:Black-backed Water-Tyrant - Brazil MG 8606 (16730865190).jpg Fluvicola Template:Small
File:Arundinicola leucocephala -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil -male-8.jpg Arundinicola Template:Small
File:Heteroxolmis dominicana -Rocha, Uruguay -male-8.jpg Heteroxolmis Template:Small
File:Alectrurus risora - Strange-tailed tyrant (male) 03.jpg Alectrurus Template:Small
File:Tumbes Tyrant - South Ecuador S4E9643 (16666065997).jpg Tumbezia Template:Small
File:Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant - Colombia S4E2594 (16687224919).jpg Silvicultrix Template:Small
File:Ochthoeca fumicolor (Pitajo ahumado) (15321450129).jpg Ochthoeca Template:Small
File:Viudita (Colorhamphus parvirostris)-4056-1500px-Ignacio-Azocar.jpg Colorhamphus Template:Small
File:Colonia colonus Atrapamoscas rabijunco Long-tailed Tyrant (11876830773).jpg Colonia
File:Short-tailed Field-Tyrant - South Ecuador S4E8007 (16710944637).jpg Muscigralla Template:Small
File:Cattle Tyrant - Pantanal - Brazil H8O0107 (16298240983).jpg Machetornis Template:Small
File:Legatus leucophaius Atrapamoscas pirata Piratic Flycatcher (6230421252).jpg Legatus Template:Small
File:Phelpsia inornata White-bearded Flycatcher (6515680991) (cropped).jpg Phelpsia Template:Small
File:Rusty-margined flycatcher (25954179317).jpg Myiozetetes Template:Small
File:Great kiskadee (70240).jpg Pitangus Template:Small
File:Lesser kiskadee (Pitangus lictor panamense).jpg Philohydor Template:Small
File:Conopias trivirgatus-Three-striped Flycatcher.JPG Conopias Template:Small
File:Myiodynastes chrysocephalus-2.jpg Myiodynastes Template:Small
File:Megarynchus pitangua Bichofué picudo Boat-billed Flycatcher (16282096299).jpg Megarynchus Template:Small
File:Tyrannopsis sulphurea - Sulphury Flycatcher.JPG Tyrannopsis Template:Small
File:Empidonomus varius-2.jpg Empidonomus Template:Small
File:Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus - Crowned slaty flycatcher.JPG Griseotyrannus Template:Small
File:Tyrannus-verticalis-001.jpg Tyrannus Template:Small
File:Rufous Mourner - Panama H8O0032.jpg Rhytipterna Template:Small
File:Sirystes albocinereus - White-rumped Sirystes; Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.jpg Sirystes Template:Small
File:Casiornis rufus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg Casiornis Template:Small
File:Myiarchus tyrannulus 1.jpg Myiarchus Template:Small
File:Ramphotrigon megacephalum - Large-headed Flatbill.jpg Ramphotrigon Template:Small
File:Attila torridus - Ochraceous Attila 2.jpg Attila Template:Small

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

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External linksEdit

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