Template:Use American English Template:Short description Template:Infobox medical intervention
Orthovoltage X-rays are produced by X-ray tubes operating at voltages in the 100–500 kV range, and therefore the X-rays have a peak energy in the 100–500 keV range.<ref name="IAEAradonc">Template:Cite book</ref> Orthovoltage X-rays are sometimes termed "deep" X-rays (DXR).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They cover the upper limit of energies used for diagnostic radiography, and are used in external beam radiotherapy to treat cancer and tumors. They penetrate tissue to a useful depth of about 4–6 cm.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This makes them useful for treating skin, superficial tissues, and ribs, but not for deeper structures such as lungs or pelvic organs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The relatively low energy of orthovoltage X-rays causes them to interact with matter via different physical mechanisms compared to higher energy megavoltage X-rays or radionuclide γ-rays, increasing their relative biological effectiveness. <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
HistoryEdit
The energy and penetrating ability of the X-rays produced by an X-ray tube increases with the voltage on the tube. External beam radiotherapy began around the turn of the 20th century with ordinary diagnostic X-ray tubes, which used voltages below 150 kV.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Physicians found that these were adequate for treating superficial tumors, but not tumors inside the body. Since these low energy X-rays were mostly absorbed in the first few centimeters of tissue, to deliver a large enough radiation dose to buried tumors would cause severe skin burns.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Therefore beginning in the 1920s "orthovoltage" 200–500 kV X-ray machines were built.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> These were found to be able to reach shallow tumors, but to treat tumors deep in the body more voltage was needed. By the 1930s and 1940s megavoltage X-rays produced by huge machines with 3–5 million volts on the tube, began to be employed. With the introduction of linear accelerators in the 1970s, which could produce 4–30 MV beams, orthovoltage X-rays are now considered quite shallow.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>