A point of sail is a sailing craft's direction of travel under sail in relation to the true wind direction over the surface.
The principal points of sail roughly correspond to 45° segments of a circle, starting with 0° directly into the wind. For many sailing craft 45° on either side of the wind is a no-go zone, where a sail is unable to mobilize power from the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible—approximately 45°—is termed beating, a point of sail when the sails are close-hauled. At 90° off the wind, a craft is on a beam reach. The point of sail between beating and a beam reach is called a close reach. At 135° off the wind, a craft is on a broad reach. At 180° off the wind (sailing in the same direction as the wind), a craft is running downwind.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
A given point of sail (beating, close reach, beam reach, broad reach, and running downwind) is defined in reference to the true wind—the wind felt by a stationary observer. The motive power, and thus appropriate position of the sails, is determined by the apparent wind: the wind relative to an observer on the sailing craft.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Kimball" /> The apparent wind is the combined effect of the velocities of the true wind and of the sailing craft.<ref name=":2" />
A sail with the airflow parallel to its surface, while angled into the apparent wind, acts substantially like a wing with lift as a force acting perpendicular to its surface. A sail with the apparent wind perpendicular to its surface, acts substantially like a parachute with the drag on the sail as the dominant force. As a sailing craft transitions from close-hauled to running downwind, the lifting force decreases and the drag force increases. At the same time, the resistance to sidewards motion needed to keep the craft on course also decreases, along with the sideways tipping force.<ref name=":2" />
There is a zone of approximately 45° on either side of the true wind, where a sail cannot generate lift, called the "no-go zone". The angle encompassed by the no-go zone depends on the airfoil efficiency of the craft's sails and the craft's lateral resistance on the surface (from hydrofoils, outriggers, or a keel in the water, runners on ice, or wheels on land). A craft remaining in its no-go zone will slow to a stop—it will be "in irons".<ref name="Kimball"> Template:Cite book</ref>
The points of sailEdit
The recognized points of sail are judged relative to the true wind direction. The subcategories of these two situations include:
- Into the wind where a sailing craft is pointed directly upwind in the middle of the no-go zone, where sails cannot generate power.
- Close-hauled means a boat is sailing at the sharpest angle possible toward the wind without entering the no-go zone, where sailing isn't possible.
- Reaching, including:
- Close reach: between close-hauled and a beam reach.
- Beam reach: the craft has the true wind at a right angle to its direction (on its beam).
- Broad reach: the true wind is coming from behind, but not directly behind.
- Running downwind where a craft has the wind coming from directly behind.
- A sailboat on three points of sail
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- Shrike-port-beam.jpg
Close-hauled
- Shrike-reaching.jpg
Reaching
- Shrike-running.jpg
Running downwind
Into the windEdit
The range of directions into the wind, where a sailing craft cannot sail is called the no-go zone.<ref name="Complete"> Template:Cite book</ref> A sailing craft cannot sail directly into the wind, nor on a course that is too close to the direction from which the wind is blowing, because the sails cannot generate lift in this no-go zone. A craft passing through the no-go zone to change tacks from one side to the other, must maintain momentum until its sails can draw power on the other side. If it remains in the no-go zone, it will slow to a stop and be in irons.<ref name="Jobson">Template:Cite book</ref> This is called missing stays. To recover, that craft typically must return to its original tack and pick up sufficient speed to complete the maneuver.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The span of the no-go zone depends on the efficiency of a sailing craft's sails and its resistance to sideways motion in the water (using a keel or foils) on ice or on land, typically at an angle between 30 and 50 degrees from the wind.<ref name="Jobson" />
A craft stopped in the no-go zone is said to be in irons. A square-rigged vessel in irons by accident is taken aback with the sails blown against the mast<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or laid aback if deliberate.<ref name="hnsa">Template:Cite book</ref> In either case, the stopped vessel will be blown backwards, which with proper positioning of the rudder allows the vessel to point outside the no-go zone and resume forward motion, once the sails can draw power.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Iceboats are often parked in irons with a brake applied to the ice to prevent motion. To commence sailing, the craft is guided to one side and boarded, once the sail can draw power.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Close-hauledEdit
A sailing craft is said to be sailing close-hauled when its sails are trimmed in tightly and are acting substantially like a wing, relying on lift to propel the craft forward on a course as close to the wind as the sail can provide lift. This point of sail lets the sailing craft travel upwind, diagonally to the wind direction.<ref name="Jobson" />
The smaller the angle between the direction of the true wind and the course of the sailing craft, the higher the craft is said to point. A craft that can point higher or sail faster upwind is said to be more weatherly.<ref name="Jett">Template:Cite book</ref> Pinching occurs as a craft's point of sail approaches the no-go zone and its speed falls off sharply.<ref name="Jobson" />
Sailing to windwardEdit
In order to sail upwind, sailing craft must zig-zag across the direction of the oncoming wind, called beating to windward. The higher that a vessel can point into the wind, the shorter its "course made good" to an upwind destination.<ref name="fastest">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beating upwind, a vessel alternates between having the wind come on the port and starboard sides (the port and starboard tack). Changing from one tack to the other, by steering through the wind direction, is called tacking, or going about.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
ReachingEdit
A craft sailing with the true wind on its side (within limits) is reaching.<ref name="Jobson" /> Wind is flowing over the surface of the sail, creating lift (like a wing) to propel the craft. Because lift is more powerful than drag on this point of sail, sailing craft achieve their highest speeds on a reach.<ref name="fastest" /> A variety of high-performance sailing craft sail fastest on a broad reach with the sails close-hauled at speeds several times the true windspeed. Depending on the angle of the true wind with respect to the course sailed, a reach may be close, beam, or broad, as follows:
- A close reach is a course closer to the true wind (more upwindwards) than a beam reach, but below close-hauled; i.e., any angle between a beam reach and close-hauled. The sails are trimmed in (hauled towards the centreline of the hull), but not as tightly as for a close-hauled course.
- A beam reach is when the true wind is at a right angle to the direction of motion (so called because the wind is parallel to the cross-hull beams, if any; see beam).
- A broad reach is when the wind is coming from behind the sailing craft at an angle. This represents a range of wind angles, between a beam reach and running downwind (see next paragraph). On a sailboat (but not an iceboat) the sails are eased out away from the sailing craft, but not as much as on a downwind run. If the sailcraft points any further downwind, the sails cease acting substantially like a wing.
Running downwindEdit
Sailing with the wind or running before the wind, the sails generate power primarily through drag (like a parachute) with the true wind directly from behind the sailing craft.<ref name = Jobson/> A sailing craft running more downwind than a broad reach cannot attain a speed faster than the true wind.
However, higher-performance sailing craft achieve a higher velocity made good downwind, by sailing on whatever broad reach is most efficient on that particular craft, and jibing as needed. The longer course is offset by the faster speed. For instance, if a vessel sails alternately in the directions 45° from the downwind direction, it will sail Template:Radic (≈1.4) times farther than it would if it sailed dead downwind. However, as long as it can sail faster than 1.4 times its dead downwind speed, the indirect route will allow it to arrive at a chosen point sooner.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
Craft running downwind increase power from the sails by increasing total area presented to the following wind, sometimes by putting out sails that adapt well to the purpose, such as a spinnaker on a fore-and-aft rigged vessel. Another technique is to place the jib to windward (opposite to the main sail)—called "wing on wing" or one of several other terms—for a fore-and-aft vessel going dead downwind.<ref name="Jobson"/> In light winds, certain square-rigged vessels may set studding sails, sails that extend outwards from the yardarms, to create a larger sail area for points of sail, ranging from downwind to a close reach.<ref name="king424">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Luce">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Downwind
Sails for a fore-and-aft rig and a square rig in use downwind
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True wind versus apparent windEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} True wind (VT) combines with the sailing craft's velocity (VB) to be the apparent wind velocity (VA); the air velocity experienced by instrumentation or crew on a moving sailing craft. Apparent wind velocity provides the motive power for the sails on any given point of sail. The apparent wind is equal to the true wind velocity for a stopped craft; it may be faster than the true wind speed on some points of sail, or it may be slower e.g. when a sailing craft sails dead downwind.<ref name=Jobson2>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Effect of apparent wind on sailing craft at three points of sail
Sailing craft A is close-hauled. Sailing craft B is on a beam reach. Sailing craft C is on a broad reach.
Boat velocity (in black) generates an equal and opposite apparent wind component (not shown), which adds to the true wind to become apparent wind.
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- Forces on sails for three points of sail.jpg
Apparent wind and forces on a sailboat.
As the boat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind becomes smaller and the lateral component becomes less; boat speed is highest on the beam reach. - Ice boat apparent wind on different points of sail.jpg
Apparent wind on an iceboat.
As the iceboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind increases slightly and the boat speed is highest on the broad reach. The sail is sheeted in for all three points of sail.<ref name = Kimball/>
The speed of sailboats through the water is limited by the resistance that results from hull drag in the water. Ice boats typically have the least resistance to forward motion of any sailing craft;<ref name = Kimball/> consequently, a sailboat experiences a wider range of apparent wind angles than does an ice boat, whose speed is typically great enough to have the apparent wind coming from a few degrees to one side of its course, necessitating sailing with the sail sheeted in for most points of sail. On conventional sail boats, the sails are set to create lift for those points of sail where it's possible to align the leading edge of the sail with the apparent wind.<ref name=Jobson/>
For a sailboat, point of sail significantly affects the lateral force to which the boat is subjected. The higher the boat points into the wind, the stronger the lateral force, which results in both increased leeway and heeling. Leeway, the effect of the boat moving sideways through the water, can be counteracted by a keel or other underwater foils, including daggerboard, centerboard, skeg and rudder. Lateral force also induces heeling in a sailboat, which is resisted by the shape and configuration of the hull (or hulls, in the case of catamarans) and the weight of ballast, and can be further resisted by the weight of the crew. As the boat points off the wind, lateral force and the forces required to resist it become reduced.<ref name=Marchaj1> Template:Citation</ref> On ice boats and sand yachts, lateral forces are countered by the lateral resistance of the blades on ice or of the wheels on sand, and of their distance apart, which generally prevents heeling.<ref name=":0"> Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)
- Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)
- Sailing
- Tacking (sailing), turning so that the bow briefly points dead upwind
- Gybing, turning so that the bow briefly points dead downwind
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Rousmaniere, John, The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, Simon & Schuster, 1999
- Chapman Book of Piloting (various contributors), Hearst Corporation, 1999
- Herreshoff, Halsey (consulting editor), The Sailor’s Handbook, Little Brown and Company, 1983
- Seidman, David, The Complete Sailor, International Marine, 1995
- Jobson, Gary, Sailing Fundamentals, Simon & Schuster, 1987