Sundanese language

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

File:Sundanese language distribution.svg

Location where Sundanese language spoken.

File:WIKITONGUES- Yusuf speaking Sundanese.webm

A Sundanese speaker, recorded in Indonesia.

Sundanese (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Langx, Sundanese script: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Java, primarily by the Sundanese. It has approximately 32 million native speakers in the western third of Java; they represent about 15% of Indonesia's total population.<ref name=e27/>

Classification

According to American linguist Robert Blust, Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages, as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or the Kayan–Murik languages, based on high lexical similarities between these languages.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

History and distribution

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See alsoTemplate:Refimprove section Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java, in an area known as Tatar Sunda (Pasundan).<ref>Hardjadibrata (1985), p. 1.</ref> However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java, especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency, because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom. Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur, Cimanggu, Cipari, even as far as Banyumas, such as Cilongok, Cingebul, Gumelar, and others.

Until 1600 AD, Sundanese was the state language in the kingdoms of Salakanagara, Tarumanagara, Sunda, Galuh, Pajajaran, and Sumedang Larang. During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the Sanskrit language as seen in the Ciaruteun inscription written at the time of King Purnawarman, using the Pallava script.<ref>Shell character rock inscription at Ci-Auroton Java, EI Vol. XXII, p. 4-5</ref> Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used Old Sundanese script such as the Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian Manuscript, Carita Parahyangan, Amanat Galunggung, and Guru Talapakan.

In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the 6th century, the area of speech reached around the Dieng Plateau in Central Java, based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese (from the origin of the word dihyang which is an Old Sundanese word). Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by the Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the island of Java. For example, in Lampung, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Riau, West Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi, and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the Pasundan.

Dialects

Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to the locations of the people:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Sundanese dialects distribution map.svg

Linguistic map of West Java, Banten, Western part of Central Java, and Jakarta.

• Western dialect, spoken in the provinces of Banten, the western part of Bogor Regency (especially in Greater Jasinga area), and some parts of Lampung.
• Northern dialect, spoken in Bogor Regency, and northwestern coastal areas of West Java.
• Southern or Priangan dialect, spoken in Sukabumi, Sumedang, Cianjur, Bandung, Garut, and Tasikmalaya.
• Mid-east dialect, spoken in Cirebon, Majalengka, and southern part of Indramayu.
• Northeast dialect, spoken in Kuningan (West Java) and Brebes (Central Java).
• Southeast dialect, spoken in Ciamis, Pangandaran, Banjar, and Cilacap (Central Java).

The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives (Parahyangan in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province.

Writing

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of the Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. Meanwhile, the regional governments of West Java and Banten have been actively promoting the use of Standard Sundanese script ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in public places and on road signs. Although Pegon script is now mostly used in pesantrens (Islamic boarding schools) and Sundanese Islamic literature,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it can still occasionally be seen in public places and on road signs in certain areas, such as Lembang and Tasikmalaya.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Phonology

Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also Sundanese script).

Vowels

There are seven vowels: a {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, é {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, i {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, o {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, u {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, e {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and eu {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Open		Template:IPA link

Consonants

According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (as in fonem, qur'an, xerox, zakat). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, j {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, h, ng ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), ny {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, m, n, s {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, w, l, r {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and y {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v {{#invoke:IPA|main}} → p, sy {{#invoke:IPA|main}} → s, z {{#invoke:IPA|main}} → j, and kh {{#invoke:IPA|main}} → h.

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative			Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Lateral			Template:IPA link
Trill			Template:IPA link
Approximant		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link

Epenthetic semivowels {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in the words:

• kuéh – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
• muih – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
• béar – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
• miang – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
• euweuh – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}

Register

Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing levels of formality.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> At the beginning of speech level development, it was known 6 levels of Sundanese language: basa kasar (rough), sedeng (medium), lemes (polite), lemes pisan (very polite), kasar pisan (very rough), and basa panengah (intermediate). But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor, the speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: basa hormat (respectful) and basa loma (fair). Besides that, the term was changed to "tatakrama basa" (Template:Lit), although the substance remained the same. The hormat variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of loma language is then used as a kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the loma variant.

Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely cohag (rough). This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the Sundanese Priangan dialect, while other dialects such as Bantenese Language, generally do not recognize this register.

For many words, there are distinct loma and lemes forms, e.g. arék (loma) vs. badé (lemes) "want", maca (loma) vs. maos (lemes) "read". In the lemes level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. rorompok "(my own) house" vs. bumi "(your or someone else's) house" (the loma form is imah).

Similar systems of speech levels are found in Japanese, Korean and Thai.

Basic vocabulary

Personal pronouns

Glos	Lemes	Loma	Cohag
Template:Gcl 'I'	abdi (informal) simkuring (formal)	urang (informal) kuring (formal) kami (non-formal, expressing speaker's superiority)	aing
Template:Gcl, Template:Gcl 'you'	anjeun hidep (for younger)	manéh silaing	sia
Template:Gcl, Template:Gcl 'he, she'	mantenna (to be respected) anjeunna	manéhna	si éta
Template:Gcl 'we'	abdi sadayana (informal) simkuring sadayana (formal)	kuring saréréa	aing kabéhan
Template:Gcl 'we'	urang samudayana	arurang/urang	-
Template:Gcl 'you all'	aranjeun haridep (for younger)	maranéh	saria, sararia
Template:Gcl 'they'	aranjeunna	maranéhna	-

Numeral

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Number	Sundanese script	Sundanese
1	|Template:Sund|	hiji
2	|Template:Sund|	dua
3	|Template:Sund|	tilu
4	|Template:Sund|	opat
5	|Template:Sund|	lima
6	|Template:Sund|	genep
7	|Template:Sund|	tujuh
8	|Template:Sund|	dalapan
9	|Template:Sund|	salapan
10	|Template:Sund|	sapuluh
11	|Template:Sund|	sabelas
12	|Template:Sund|	dua belas
20	|Template:Sund|	dua puluh
21	|Template:Sund|	dua puluh hiji
30	|Template:Sund|	tilu puluh
31	|Template:Sund|	tilu puluh hiji
40	|Template:Sund|	opat puluh
50	|Template:Sund|	lima puluh
60	|Template:Sund|	genep puluh
70	|Template:Sund|	tujuh puluh
80	|Template:Sund|	dalapan puluh
90	|Template:Sund|	salapan puluh
100	|Template:Sund|	saratus
hundreds		ratusan
1000	|Template:Sund|	sarébu
thousands		rébu

Grammar

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Root word

Root verb

English	Sundanese (formal)	Sundanese (polite)
eat	dahar	tuang (for other) neda (for myself)
drink	inum	leueut
write	tulis	serat
read	maca	maos
forget	poho	lali (for other) hilap (for myself)
remember	inget	émut
sit	diuk	linggih (for other) calik (for myself)
standing	nangtung	ngadeg
walk	leumpang	nyacat

Plural form

Other Austronesian languages (especially those in western Indonesia) commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts the ar infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with l, or contains r following the infix, the infix ar becomes al. Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as um), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix. Examples:

1. Mangga téh, tarahuna haneut kénéh. "Please ma'am, the bean curds are still warm/hot." The plural form of tahu 'bean curd, tofu' is formed by infixing ar after the initial consonant.
2. Barudak leutik lalumpatan. "Small children running around." Barudak "children" is formed from budak (child) with the ar infix; in lumpat (run) the ar infix becomes al because lumpat starts with l.
3. Ieu kaén batik aralus sadayana. "All of these batik clothes are beautiful." Formed from alus (nice, beautiful, good) with the infix ar that becomes a prefix because alus starts with a vowel. It denotes the adjective "beautiful" for the plural subject/noun (batik clothes).
4. Siswa sakola éta mah balageur. "The students of that school are well-behaved." Formed from bageur ("good-behaving, nice, polite, helpful") with the infix ar, which becomes al because of r in the root, to denote the adjective "well-behaved" for plural students.

However, it is reported that this use of al instead of ar (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example, the plural form of the adjective curiga (suspicious) is caruriga and not *caluriga, because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The prefix can be reduplicated to denote very-, or the plural of groups. For example, "bararudak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children (budak is child in Sundanese). Another example, "balalageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved".

Active form

Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to the root, as with diuk "sit" or dahar "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root:

1. Initial {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can be put after prefix nga like in ngadahar.
2. Initial {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can be put after prefix ng like in nginum "drink".

Negation

There are several words to negate a statement in Sundanese. These are also different by the polite (lemes) and casual (loma) registers, as well as dialect.

Polite

In Priangan Sundanese, Polite negation is done by adding a henteu (the shorter form, teu is also commonly used) to negate most verbs (akin to adding a "not" to English "do" or "does"). To negate clauses where the subject is linked to adjectives or nouns (where, in English, it would normally require a linking verb like "be"), sanés is used.

• Abdi teu acan neda. "I have not eaten yet."

In this sentence, "acan" is used to signpost that the speaker has not done something, but they will do it in a short notice.

• Buku abdi mah sanés nu ieu. "My book is not this one."

Other words that can be used to negate clauses are moal (to signpost that the speaker is not going to do something) and alim (to show that the speaker does not want to do something). Other Sundanese dialects may have different ways to negate statements.

Casual

There are a wide range of casual negation helper words. In Priangan Sundanese, this can be done with a number of words.

• Urang acan dahar. "I have not eaten yet."

The shorter version, can, is also commonly used especially in spoken speech.

• Buku Urang mah lain nu ieu. "My book is not this one."

The word lain can be used as a casual variant of sanés.

Moal and its longer variant moal waka can also be used casually. Other words include teu hayang (which can also sound aggressive depending on context) and embung (which is somewhat a casual counterpart of alim).

Question

Dupi (for polite situation)/Ari (for formal situation)-(question)

example:

Polite:

• Dupi Tuang Rama nyondong di bumi? "Is your father at home?"
• Dupi bumi di palih mana? "Where do you live?"

Formal:

• Ari Bapa aya di imah? "Is your father at home?"
• Ari imah di beulah mana? "Where do you live?"

Interrogatives

English	Sundanese (formal)	Sundanese (polite)	Indonesian
what	naon		apa
who	saha		siapa
whose/whom	nu saha	kagungan saha	punya siapa
where	(di) mana	(di) manten	(di) mana
when	iraha		kapan
why	naha, kunaon		kenapa
how	kumaha		bagaimana
how many	sabaraha		berapa

Passive form

Polite:

• Buku dibantun ku abdi. "The book is brought by me." Dibantun is the passive form ngabantun "bring".
• Pulpén ditambut ku abdi. "The pen is borrowed by me."
• Soal ieu dipidamel ku abdi. "This problem is done by me."
• Kacasoca dianggo ku abdi. "Glasses worn by me."

Formal:

• Buku dibawa ku urang. "The book is brought by me." Dibawa is the passive form mawa "bring".
• Pulpén diinjeum ku urang. "The pen is borrowed by me."
• Soal ieu digawékeun ku urang. "This problem is done by me."
• Tasma dipaké ku urang. "Glasses worn by me."

Adjectives

Template:Expand section Examples:

teuas (hard), tiis (cool for water and solid objects), tiris (cool for air), hipu (soft), lada (hot/spicy, usually for foods), haneut (warm), etc.

Prepositions

Place

Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions:Template:Sfnp

• di: 'in', 'at' etc., indicating position
• dina/na: 'on', 'at' etc., indicating specific position
• ka: 'to', indicating direction (from places like city, country, buildings, rooms, street, human, entities, etc. and treating the noun as a place where something happens)
• kana: 'to', indicating specific direction (from things, tools, containers, plants, organs or parts of body, etc. and treating the noun as an object)
• ti: 'from', indicating origin
• tina: 'from', indicating specific origin
• h

Using different type of prepositions can result in different meanings.

di cai: at the bathroom/toilet

dina cai: inside of water

ka cai: going to a bathroom/toilet

kana cai: into water

ti cai: (someone) comes from the bathroom/toilet

tina cai: (something) made of water, or (something) comes from water

ka mobil: going inside a car

kana mobil: something is done/happened to a car

To express more specific spatial relations (like 'inside', 'under' etc.), these prepositions have been combined with locative nouns:Template:Sfnp

Formal	Polite	Gloss
di jero	di lebet	inside
di luar	di luar	outside
di gigir	di gédéng	beside
di luhur	di luhur	above
di handap	di handap	below
di tukang	di pengker	behind
di hareup	di payun	in front

Di gigir/luhur/handap/tukang/hareup (also ka gigir, ti gigir etc.) are absolute adverial expressions without a following noun. To express relative position, they have to add the suffix -eun, e.g.:

Polite:

• di luhur bumi – 'on top of the house'
• dina luhur lomari – 'on top of the cupboard'
• ti pengker bumi – 'from behind the house', alternative version: pengkereun bumi
• tina pengker lomari – 'from behind the cupboard'

Formal:

• di luhureun imah – 'on top of the house'
• dina luhureun lomari – 'on top of the cupboard'
• ti tukangeun imah – 'from behind the house'
• tina tukangeun lomari – 'from behind the cupboard'

Di jero, di luar and the polite forms luhur & pengker can be used both with and without a following noun.

Time

English	Sundanese (formal)	Sundanese (polite)
before	saacan/saméméh	sateuacan
after	sanggeus	saparantos
during	basa	nalika
past	baheula	kapungkur

Miscellaneous

English	Sundanese (formal)	Sundanese (polite)
from	tina/ti	tina/ti
for	jang, paragi	kanggo/kanggé

Sample text

The following texts are excerpts from article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Sundanese, along with the original declaration in English.

Sundanese in Latin script

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Sundanese in Sundanese script

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Sundanese in Pegon script

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English

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• Sundanese alphabet
• Sundanese (Unicode block)

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite news
• Template:Cite thesis

Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
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External links

• Sundanese-Indonesian and Indonesian-Sundanese Dictionary
• Template:Usurped
• Template:Usurped
• Sundanese Christian song – an example from Sanggar Mekar Asih