Westminster Quarters

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The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter-hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge.<ref name="Starmer (1907)" />Template:Rp

Description

File:Big-ben-1858.jpg

The quarter bells shown hung around Big Ben, December 1858

The Westminster Quarters are sounded by four quarter bells hung next to Big Ben in the Elizabeth Tower belfry, in the Palace of Westminster. These are:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Quarter bell	Pitch	Weight	Diameter
First	GTemplate:Music4	1.1t	1.1m
Second	FTemplate:Music4	1.3t	1.2m
Third	E4	1.7t	1.4m
Fourth	B3	4.0t	1.8m

The quarters consist of five changes, permutations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells ([[G♯ (musical note)|GTemplate:Music]]₄, [[F♯ (musical note)|FTemplate:Music]]₄, E₄, B₃) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:<ref name="Starmer (1910)">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp <ref name="Westminster Chimes (1858)">Template:Cite journal</ref>

1. GTemplate:Music₄, FTemplate:Music₄, E₄, B₃
2. E₄, GTemplate:Music₄, FTemplate:Music₄, B₃
3. E₄, FTemplate:Music₄, GTemplate:Music₄, E₄
4. GTemplate:Music₄, E₄, FTemplate:Music₄, B₃
5. B₃, FTemplate:Music₄, GTemplate:Music₄, E₄

Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:

First quarter, change 1.

Half hour, changes 2 and 3.

Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1

The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E₃.

The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed.

Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity.

Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B₃, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play.

The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes.

The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above.

First quarter:	."|}</score>
Half-hour:	e4^"3" fis gis e2\bar "|."|}</score>
Third quarter:	b4^"5" fis' gis e2 | gis4^"1" fis e b2\bar "|."|}</score>
Full hour (3 o'clock example):	e4^"3" fis gis e2 | gis4^"4" e fis b,2 | b4^"5" fis' gis e2 | R1*5/4\fermata \bar "	e1| e1 \bar "|."| }</score>

Words associated with the melody

The prayer inscribed on a plaque in the Big Ben clock room reads:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> <poem style="margin-left: 1em;">All through this hour Lord be my guide That by Thy power No foot shall slide.</poem>

The conventional prayer is: <poem style="margin-left: 1em;">O Lord our God Be Thou our guide That by Thy help No foot may slide.</poem>

An alternative prayer changes the third line: <poem style="margin-left: 1em;">O Lord our God Be Thou our guide So by Thy power No foot shall slide.</poem>

A variation on this, to the same tune, is prayed at the end of Brownie meetings in the UK and Canada: <poem style="margin-left: 1em;">O Lord our God Thy children call Grant us Thy peace And bless us all. Amen.</poem>

History

File:Big ben closeup.jpg

The Elizabeth Tower at the Palace of Westminster, the namesake of the chime

File:Cmglee Great St Marys.jpg

The Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge for which the chime was written

The Westminster Quarters were originally written in 1793 for a new clock in Great St Mary's, the University Church in Cambridge. There is some doubt over exactly who composed it: Joseph Jowett, Regius Professor of Civil Law, was given the job, but he was probably assisted by either John Randall (1715–1799), who was the Professor of Music from 1755, or his undergraduate pupil, William Crotch (1775–1847). This chime is traditionally, though without substantiation,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> believed to be a set of variations on the four notes that make up the fifth and sixth bars of "I know that my Redeemer liveth" from Handel's Messiah.Template:Refn<ref name="Starmer (1907)">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp This is why the chime is also played by the bells of the so-called Red Tower in Halle, the native town of Handel.

In 1851, the chime was adopted by Edmund Beckett Denison (an amateur horologist, and graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, who was familiar with the Great St Mary's chime) for the new clock at the Palace of Westminster, where the bell Big Ben hangs. From there its fame spread. It is now one of the most commonly used chimes for striking clocks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to the church records of Trinity Episcopal Church (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), this chime sequence was incorporated into a tower clock mechanism by E. Howard & Co., Boston, Massachusetts. The clock and chime in Trinity's steeple base was dedicated in December 1875. It holds the distinction of being the first tower clock in the United States to sound the Cambridge Quarters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other uses

• A London Symphony by Ralph Vaughan Williams incorporates the half-hour changes, 2 and 3, near the beginning of the work and the first three changes of the hour, 2, 3 and 4, near the end.
• Light music composer Eric Coates incorporated the music into "Westminster", the Meditation and second part of his London Suite (1933).<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• "The Westminster Waltz", a light orchestral piece by Robert Farnon (1956) uses the music of the chimes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The theme music by Ronnie Hazlehurst for the satirical TV series Yes Minister (1980–1984) and its sequel Yes, Prime Minister (1986–1988), about a British politician and his interactions with the civil servants who nominally serve him, is largely based on the chimes (though with a longer duration for the first note of each quarter, which arguably makes the derivation less obvious). When asked in an interview about its Westminster influence, Hazlehurst replied, "That's all it is. It's the easiest thing I've ever done."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• A piece called Carillon de Westminster based on the chimes was written for organ by the French composer and organist Louis Vierne.
• The song "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" (1980) by rock band U2 incorporates the Third Quarter chime as a guitar harmonic.
• The song "Clock Strikes Ten" by Cheap Trick incorporates a guitar solo based on changes 4 and 5.

• The song "Cider", Template:Langx, by Akai Ko-en (2014) incorporates the Third Quarter chime.

• A composition based on the chimes was written in the ladrang form for central Javanese gamelan. It is named variously as ladrang Wesminster, ladrang Wesmister, ladrang Wèsmèster, etc.
• The football chant known as the "Pompey Chimes" by local association football fans in Portsmouth, England, is a variation of the Westminster Quarters. "Pompey" is the nickname of the city of Portsmouth and the "Pompey Chimes" chant originated from the nearby chiming clock of Portsmouth Guildhall built in 1890.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• At Yankee Stadium, the chimes are played whenever a member of the New York Yankees scores a run, a tradition that began at their original ballpark (the beginning of "Workaholic" by 2 Unlimited).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Indonesian train stations play the chimes as a sign of train departures and arrivals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Upon arrival, the chimes are looped continuously until departure, which may last up to 15 minutes.
• Most schools in Japan and Taiwan play the chimes to signal the end and beginning of classes.<ref>ja:ウェストミンスターの鐘#日本での使用</ref><ref>wikt:キーンコーンカーンコーン</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• At the close of the Warner Bros. cartoons Now Hear This (1963), the first four notes of the Westminster Quarters play to bring on the four elements of the abstract "WB" lettering, then as the words "A Warner Bros. CartOOn" scroll appear, Big Ben chimes, and then as the letters OO in Cartoon separate from the words, a bicycle horn is heard squeaking three times. Big Ben gives one more chime as the words finish appearing on the screen before the fadeout.Template:Citation needed
• The chime can be heard in the 6 o’clock victory screens of several Five Nights at Freddy's games, specifically in games 1,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite AV media</ref> 2,<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> 3<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> and Ultimate Custom Night.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
• The Academy Battle theme in Pokémon Stadium 2 for the Nintendo 64 begins with the half-hour change.
• For the millennium New Year, a recording of the clock was released by London Records in 1999, titled "Millennium Chimes", with the artist labelled as Big Ben. It reached number 53 on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending 8 January 2000 (which included purchases prior to 31 December 1999).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The Dutch progressive rock band Focus (band) quotes the Third Quarter chime at the end of the title song from their 1974 Hamburger Concerto album.
• In the United States, electronic storm sirens commonly use the Westminster full-hour chime in place of a siren tone for regular tests to avoid confusion among the public.

External links

• The parish of St Mary the Great with St Michael, Cambridge
• The Straight Dope on the Westminster Quarters
• The Cambridge Chimes
• A music theory article on the Westminster Quarters and other clock chimes
• Rochester Quarters
• 1941 British Horological Institute article on chimes rarely encountered by clock repairers