In the signage industry, neon signs are electric signs lighted by long luminous gas-discharge tubes that contain rarefied neon or other gases. They are the most common use for neon lighting,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which was first demonstrated in a modern form in December 1910 by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.<ref name=vanDulken>Template:Cite book</ref>
While they are used worldwide, neon signs were popular in the United States from about the 1920s to 1950s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The installations in Times Square, many originally designed by Douglas Leigh, were famed, and there were nearly 2,000 small shops producing neon signs by 1940.<ref name="Stern">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Bright">Template:Cite book Pages 221–223 describe Moore tubes. Pages 369–374 describe neon tube lighting. Page 385 discusses Risler's contributions to fluorescent coatings in the 1920s. Pages 388–391 discuss the development of the commercial fluorescent at General Electric in the 1930s.</ref> In addition to signage, neon lighting is used frequently by artists and architects,<ref name="Stern" /><ref name="Popper">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Thielen">Template:Cite journal</ref> and (in a modified form) in plasma display panels and televisions.<ref name="Myers">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Weber">Template:Cite journal Paid access.</ref> The signage industry has declined in the past several decades, and cities are now concerned with preserving and restoring their antique neon signs.
Light emitting diode arrays can be formed and covered with a light diffuser to simulate the appearance of neon lamps.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
HistoryEdit
The neon sign is an evolution of the earlier Geissler tube,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which is a sealed glass tube containing a "rarefied" gas (the gas pressure in the tube is well below atmospheric pressure). When a voltage is applied to electrodes inserted through the glass, an electrical glow discharge results. Geissler tubes were popular in the late 19th century,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the different colors they emitted were characteristics of the gases within. They were unsuitable for general lighting, as the pressure of the gas inside typically declined with use. The direct predecessor of neon tube lighting was the Moore tube, which used nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the luminous gas and a patented mechanism for maintaining pressure. Moore tubes were sold for commercial lighting for a number of years in the early 1900s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Claude1913>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The discovery of neon in 1898 by British scientists William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> included the observation of a brilliant red glow in Geissler tubes.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> Travers wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."<ref name=":0" /> Following neon's discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties.<ref>Template:Cite journal Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of radio waves by examining the intensity of the tube's light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer, Ramsey.</ref> A sign created by Perley G. Nutting and displaying the word "neon" may have been shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, although this claim has been disputed;<ref name=OPN>Template:Cite news</ref> in any event, the scarcity of neon would have precluded the development of a lighting product. After 1902, Georges Claude's company in France, Air Liquide, began producing industrial quantities of neon, essentially as a byproduct of their air liquefaction business.<ref name=Claude1913 /> From December 3–18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two Template:Convert long bright red neon tubes at the Paris Motor Show.<ref name=vanDulken /><ref name=MB>The dates of the show are listed at {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This demonstration lit a peristyle of the Grand Palais (a large exhibition hall).<ref name=Testelin>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Claude's 1910 demonstration of neon lighting lit the peristyle of the Grand Palais in Paris; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of it. It is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Claude's associate, Jacques Fonsèque, realized the possibilities for a business based on signage and advertising. By 1913 a large sign for the vermouth Cinzano illuminated the night sky in Paris, and by 1919 the entrance to the Paris Opera was adorned with neon tube lighting.<ref name=Stern /> Over the next several years, patents were granted to Claude for two innovations still used today: a "bombardment" technique to remove impurities from the working gas of a sealed sign, and a design for the internal electrodes of the sign that prevented their degradation by sputtering.<ref name=Claude1913 />
In 1923, Georges Claude and his French company Claude Neon introduced neon gas signs to the United States<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> by selling two to a Packard car dealership in Los Angeles. Earle C. Anthony purchased the two signs reading "Packard" for $1,250 apiece.<ref name=vanDulken /> Neon lighting quickly became a popular fixture in outdoor advertising. The signsTemplate:Snddubbed "liquid fire"Template:Sndwere visible in daylight; people would stop and stare.<ref>These anecdotes and the phrase "liquid fire" are often used in references discussing the first neon tube lights in Los Angeles, but the primary source is not provided. One example of a typical, tertiary reference is {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> What may be the oldest surviving neon sign in the United States, still in use for its original purpose, is the sign "Theatre" (1929) at the Lake Worth Playhouse in Lake Worth Beach, Florida.
The next major technological innovation in neon lighting and signs was the development of fluorescent tube coatings.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Jacques Risler received a French patent in 1926 for these.<ref name="Bright" /> Neon signs that use an argon/mercury gas mixture emit a good deal of ultraviolet light. When this light is absorbed by a fluorescent coating, preferably inside the tube, the coating (called a "phosphor") glows with its own color. While only a few colors were initially available to sign designers, after the Second World War, phosphor materials were researched intensively for use in color televisions. About two dozen colors were available to neon sign designers by the 1960s, and today there are nearly 100 available colors.<ref name="Thielen" />
Template:Cquote During the late 2000s, a survey conducted by the trade magazine Signs of the Times showed that the use of neon signs in the United States experienced a significant decline.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2007, neon signs accounted for 33% of illuminated signage, while LEDs made up 23%. By 2010, this trend had reversed, with LEDs increasing to 40% and neon falling to just 18%. In recent years, even cities known for their vibrant neon-lit streets, such as Hong Kong,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> have increasingly transitioned to LED technology.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
FabricationEdit
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Neon tube signs<ref name="Strattman">Template:Cite book</ref> are produced by bending glass tubing into shapes for the sign. After shaping, the hollow tube is evacuated with vacuum pumps and filled with gases to produce the desired color, e.g. neon gas for red lighting. Electrodes are placed at each end of the shaped tubing and the entire tube is sealed to prevent gases from leaking in or out which leads to tube failure.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
ApplicationsEdit
Light-emitting tubes form colored lines with which a text can be written or a picture drawn, including various decorations, especially in advertising and commercial signage. By programming sequences of switching parts on and off, there are many possibilities for dynamic light patterns that form animated images.
In some applications, neon tubes are increasingly being replaced with LEDs, given the steady advance in LED luminosity and decreasing cost of high-brightness LEDs. However, proponents of neon technology maintain that they still have significant advantages over LEDs.<ref name=NeonVsLED>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> But, LED neon has expanded design possibilities like bendable shapes, gradient lighting, and multicolor displays that traditional neon cannot achieve.
Neon illumination is valuable to invoke the 1940s or 1950s nostalgia in marketing and in the historic restoration of architectural landmarks from the neon era. Architecture in the streamline moderne era often deployed neon to accent structural pigmented glass built into the façade of a 1930s or 1940s structure; many of these buildings now qualify for inclusion on historic registers such as the U.S. National Register of Historic Places if their historic integrity is faithfully maintained.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the latter half of the 20th century, neon signs found a distinct place in artistic installations and nightlife districts, particularly during the 1980s and 1990s, when they became symbols of vibrant, modern design. Today, neon signs continue to be used for their nostalgic aesthetic appeal and unique lighting effects, often seen in boutique branding, interior decoration, and public art.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
GalleryEdit
- NeTube.jpg
- Neon bowling ally sign.jpeg
Neon bowling alley sign
- CBC 2016 10.jpg
Promotional signage neon
- Sauna Kotiharju neon sign.jpg
Neon sign of a public sauna in Helsinki
- Neon Open Sign.jpg
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- Doc Kilzum animated neon sign from Paramount Pest Control in Los Angeles, Calfornia (1940s).jpg
Doc Kilzum animated neon sign from Paramount Pest Control in Los Angeles (1940s)
- Neon sign from La Fonda Mexican restaurant (Glendale, California).jpg
Neon sign from La Fonda Mexican restaurant in Glendale, California (1940s)
- Animated neon sign from Body Builders Gym (Los Angeles, California).jpg
Animated sign from Body Builders Gym in Los Angeles (1970s)
- Neon sign from Midtowne Spa (Los Angeles, California).jpg
Neon sign from Midtowne Spa in Los Angeles (1970s)
- Architectural neon art from Man's Country (Chicago, Illinois).jpg
Architectural neon art from Man's Country (1970s)
- Neon sign from Circus of Books, a bookstore and gay pornography store in West Hollywood, California (1980s).jpg
Sign from Circus of Books in West Hollywood, California (1980s)
See alsoEdit
- Crackle tube
- Plasma globe
- Pundit Light
- Westinghouse Sign
- Timeline of lighting technology
- Neon Museum, Warsaw
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite journal Article about neon signage's flowering and decline in Warsaw and Poland.
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite book – industry standard reference on practices, methods, and technologies used by neon fabricators
External linksEdit
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- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} Collection of photographs of Swedish neon signs; text in Swedish.
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} Website of an organization devoted to preserving Polish neon signs; in English. Template:Display technology Template:Authority control