Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Italic title The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Literally) is a series of regulations limiting the ingredients in beer in Germany and the states of the former Holy Roman Empire. The best known version of the law was adopted in Bavaria in 1516 (by William IV), but similar regulations predate the Bavarian order, and modern regulations also significantly differ from the 1516 Bavarian version. Although today the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is mentioned in various texts about the history of beer, historically it was only applied in the duchy, electorate, then Kingdom of Bavaria and from 1906 in Germany as a whole, and it had little or no effect in other countries or regions.
1516 Bavarian lawEdit
The most influential predecessor of the modern {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was a law first adopted in the Duchy of Bavaria-Munich in 1487. After Bavaria was reunited, the Munich law was adopted across the entirety of Bavaria on 23 April 1516.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> As Germany unified, Bavaria pushed for adoption of this law on a national basis (see Template:Section link).
Ingredients permittedEdit
According to the 1516 Bavarian law, the only ingredients that could be used in the production of beer were water, barley and hops.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The text does not mention yeast as an ingredient, although yeast was at the time knowingly used in the brewing process. It is likely that brewers of the time preferred to see yeast as a fixture of the brewing process. Yeast produced in one batch was commonly transferred to a subsequent batch, thus giving yeast a more permanent character in the brewing process. A full understanding of the chemical basis of yeast and the fermentation process did not come until much later.
Other regulationsEdit
The 1516 Bavarian law set the price of beer (depending on the time of year and type of beer), limited the profits made by innkeepers, and made confiscation the penalty for making impure beer.
TextEdit
The text (translated) of the 1516 Bavarian law is as follows:
Purpose, significance, and effectEdit
PurposeEdit
The Bavarian order of 1516 was introduced in part to prevent price competition with bakers for wheat and rye. The restriction of grains to barley was meant to ensure the availability of affordable bread, as wheat and rye were reserved for use by bakers.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The rule may have also had a protectionist role, as beers from Northern Germany often contained additives that could not be grown in Bavaria.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Religious conservatism may have also played a role in adoption of the rule in Bavaria, to suppress the use of plants that were allegedly used in pagan rituals, such as gruit, henbane, belladonna, or wormwood.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":1" />Template:Rp The rule also excluded problematic methods of preserving beer, such as soot, stinging nettle and henbane.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Significance and continuityEdit
While some sources refer to the Bavarian law of 1516 as the first law regulating food safety,<ref name=":3" /> this is inaccurate, as earlier food safety regulations can be traced back as far as ancient Rome.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Similarly, some sources claim that the law has been essentially unchanged since its adoption, but as early as the mid-1500s Bavaria began to allow ingredients such as coriander, bay leaf, and wheat.<ref>Karin Hackel-Stehr (1987). {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Dissertation. Berlin. pp. 2450, 2472.</ref><ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yeast was also added to modern versions of the law after the discovery of its role in fermentation.
The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} remains the most famous law that regulates the brewing of beer,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and continues to influence brewing not only in Germany, but around the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Effect on beer diversity in GermanyEdit
Modern versions of the law have contained significant exceptions for different types of beer (such as top-fermented beers), for export beers, and for different regions. The basic law now declares that only malted barley/wheat/rye, hops, water and yeast are permitted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} strictly forbids the use of extenders such as rice, maize, sorghum and other grains favored by American brewers to give a lighter taste as well as being less expensive to brew.
In response to the growth of craft breweries globally, some commentators,<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> German brewers,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and even German politicians<ref name=":4" /> have argued that the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} has slowed Germany's adoption of beer trends popular in the rest of the world, such as Belgian lambics and American craft styles. In late 2015, Bavarian brewers voted in favor of a revision to the beer laws to allow other natural ingredients.<ref name=":5" /> Many brewers still follow the original 1516 purity law as it is considered to be a part of the national identity.
HistoryEdit
Until the mid-20th century, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was relatively unknown and applied unevenly across Germany.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the mid-20th century, Bavarian brewers rallied around the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to protect themselves against competition amid European market integration.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
PredecessorsEdit
The earliest documented mention of beer by a German nobleman is the granting of a brewing licence by Emperor Otto II to the church at Liege (now in Belgium), awarded in 974.<ref name="RGA">""Porst". {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Vol. 23, Template:ISBN, pp. 287ff.</ref> A variety of other beer regulations also existed in Germany during the late Middle Ages, including in Nuremberg in 1293, Erfurt in 1351, and Weißensee in 1434.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Broader adoptionEdit
The Bavarian order of 1516 formed the basis of rules that spread slowly throughout Germany. Bavaria insisted on its application throughout Germany as a precondition of German unification in 1871. The move encountered strong resistance from brewers outside Bavaria, and imperial law of 1873 taxed the use of other ingredients (rather than banning them) when used by Northern German brewers.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> It was not until 1906 that the law was applied consistently across all of Germany,<ref name=":1" /> and it was not formally referred to as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} until the Weimar Republic.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1952, the basic regulations of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were incorporated into the West German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Beer Taxation Law). Bavarian law remained stricter than that of the rest of the country, leading to legal conflict during the 1950s and early 1960s.<ref name=":0" /> The law initially applied only to bottom-fermented ("lager") beers, but brewers of other types of beer soon accepted the law as well.
Outside of Germany, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was formally incorporated in Greek law by the first Greek king, Otto (originally a Bavarian prince).<ref name=":2">Template:Cite magazine</ref> German brewers at the Tsingtao Brewery in the German colony in Qingdao, China also followed the law voluntarily.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Modern changesEdit
In March 1987 French brewers sued and, in the case of Commission v Germany (C-178/84), the European Court of Justice found that the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was protectionist, and therefore in violation of Article 30 of the Treaty of Rome.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:CELEX, Template:ECLI</ref> This ruling concerned only imported beer, so Germany chose to continue to apply the law to beer brewed in Germany.<ref name=":0" /> (Greece's version of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was struck down around the same time.<ref name=":0" />) General food safety and labeling laws may also apply.
After German reunification in 1990 the Neuzeller Kloster Brewery, a former monastery brewery in the East German town of Neuzelle, Brandenburg, was warned to stop selling its black beer as it contained sugar. After some negotiations the brewery was allowed to sell it under the name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Black Abbot") but could not label it {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. This decision was repealed by the Federal Administrative Court of Germany through a special permit, and after legal disputes lasting ten years (known as the "Brandenburg Beer War") Neuzeller Kloster Brewery gained the right to call {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} again.<ref name=":0" />
The revised {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Provisional Beer Law) of 1993, which replaced the earlier regulations, is a slightly expanded version of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, stipulating that only water, malted barley, hops and yeast be used for any bottom-fermented beer brewed in Germany. In addition, the law allows the use of powdered or ground hops and hop extracts, as well as stabilization and fining agents such as PVPP. Top-fermented beer is subject to the same rules, with the addition that a wider variety of malted grains can be used, as well as pure sugars for flavor and coloring.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The law's applicability was further limited by a court ruling in 2005, which allowed the sale of beer with different ingredients as long as it was not labeled "beer".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The law thus became a labeling standard.
Exceptions to the current rules can be sought, and have been granted to allow gluten-free beer to be labeled as beer despite the use of different ingredients.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Use in beer marketingEdit
Because of strong German consumer preferences, labeling beer as being compliant with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is believed to be a valuable marketing tool in Germany.<ref name=":0" /> German brewers have used the law to market German beer internationally, including a failed attempt to have the law added to the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Dead link Breweries in Norway often follow the same rules as in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Some breweries outside Germany also claim to be compliant with the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as part of their marketing,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as:
- Bierstadt Lagerhaus in Denver, Colorado
- WEST Brewery in Glasgow, Scotland
- Kloud in Korea
- Gordon Biersch in California
- Red Oak Brewery in Whitsett, North Carolina
- Olde Mecklenburg Brewery in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Schulz Bräu<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Knoxville, Tennessee
- Namibia Breweries in Windhoek, Namibia
- Rosenstadt Brewery in Portland, Oregon<ref name="Geiselhart">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Penn Brewery in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Bitte Schön Brauhaus in New Hamburg, Ontario
- Steam Whistle Brewing in Toronto, Ontario
- Okanagan Spring Brewery in Vernon, British Columbia
- New Glarus Brewing Company in New Glarus, Wisconsin
- Bohemian Brewery in Salt Lake City, Utah
- Chinggis Beer in Mongolia<ref>http://www.chinggisbeer.com</ref>Template:Primary inline
- Eisenbahn in Brazil
- Brewery Becker in Brighton, Michigan
- Bierkeller Brewing Company in Columbia, South Carolina
For some vegans the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can be seen as a strong indication that the beer marked as such is vegan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is in absence of legislation in the UK and elsewhere which require beers to be labelled with all their ingredients and nutritional information.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Engels, Friedrich (1844), "Beer Riots in Bavaria"
- Template:Cite book
- Klaus Rupprecht (9 March 2020) [in German 28 July 2016], Purity Law, 1516, Historisches Lexikon Bayerns