Template:Short description Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox building The London Eye, originally the Millennium Wheel, is a cantilevered observation wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. It is the world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over three million visitors annually.<ref name=history>Template:Cite news</ref> It has been featured numerous times in popular culture.
The structure is Template:Convert tall and the wheel has a diameter of Template:Convert. When it opened to the public in 2000 it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel, until the Template:Convert Star of Nanchang in China surpassed it in 2006. Unlike taller wheels, the Eye is cantilevered and supported solely by an A-frame on one side. The Eye was the highest public viewing point in London until 2013, when it was surpassed by the Template:Convert View from The Shard observation deck.<ref>"Up you come, the view's amazing... first look from the Shard's public gallery". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 31 December 2014</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens (previously the site of the former Dome of Discovery), on the South Bank of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge beside County Hall, in the London Borough of Lambeth. The nearest tube station is Waterloo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
Design and constructionEdit
The London Eye was designed by the husband-and-wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks of Marks Barfield Architects.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=G2>Template:Cite news</ref> The rim of the Eye is supported by tensioned steel cables<ref name=making>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and resembles a huge spoked bicycle wheel. The lighting was re-done with LED lighting from Color Kinetics in December 2006 to allow digital control of the lights as opposed to the manual replacement of gels over fluorescent tubes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mace was responsible for construction management, with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor. Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the wall on the South Bank of the Thames. They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section 106 agreement attached to the original contract, and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraction, which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The wheel was constructed in sections which were floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in the river. Once the wheel was complete it was lifted into an upright position by a strand jack system made by Enerpac.<ref>Enerpac strand jacks lift London Eye Template:Webarchive. Enerpac.com. Retrieved 6 February 2012.</ref> It was first raised at 2 degrees per hour until it reached 65 degrees, then left in that position for a week while engineers prepared for the second phase of the lift.
The project was European with major components coming from six countries: the steel was supplied from the UK and fabricated in the Netherlands by Hollandia, the cables came from Italy, the bearings came from Germany (FAG/Schaeffler Group), the spindle and hub were cast in the Czech Republic, the capsules were made by Poma in France (and the glass for these came from Italy), and the electrical components from the UK.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
OpeningEdit
The London Eye was formally opened by the Prime Minister Tony Blair on 31 December 1999, but did not open to the paying public until 9 March 2000 because of a capsule clutch problem.<ref name=cnnbirthday/>
The London Eye was originally intended as a temporary attraction, with a five-year lease. In December 2001, operators submitted an application to Lambeth Council to give the London Eye permanent status, and the application was granted in July 2002.<ref name='Londonist 2017'>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name='BBC 2001'>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name='BBC 2002'>Template:Cite news</ref>
Southbank Centre disputeEdit
In May 2005, there were reports of a leaked letter showing that the Southbank Centre (SBC)—owners of part of the land on which the struts of the Eye are located—had served a notice to quit on the attraction along with a demand for an increase in rent from £65,000<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> per year to £2.5 millionTemplate:Failed verification, which the operator rejected as unaffordable.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref>
Mayor Ken Livingstone pledged that if the dispute was not resolved he would ask the London Development Agency to issue a compulsory purchase order.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The land in question is a small part of the Jubilee Gardens, which was given to the SBC for £1 when the Greater London Council was broken up.<ref name=":2" />
In February 2006, after a request for judicial review was refused,<ref name=":1" /> a new 25-year lease was agreed under which the SBC would receive a percentage of the London Eye's turnover, with a minimum of £500,000 per year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Change of ownershipEdit
Architects Marks Barfield, the Tussauds Group, and British Airways were the original owners of the London Eye.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref> Tussauds announced the acquisition of British Airways' share in 2005, then Marks Barfield's in 2006.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":3" /> The purchase gave Tussauds sole ownership and resolved debt owed to British Airways for construction costs, which stood at more than £175 million and had been charged at an interest rate of 25% per annum.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tussauds was later merged with Merlin Entertainments.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Continued operationsEdit
In 2009, a 4D cinema was added to the attraction.<ref name="4D Experience">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:As of, the attraction has carried over 85 million passengers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Passenger capsulesEdit
The wheel's 32 sealed and air-conditioned ovoidal passenger capsules, designed<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and supplied<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> by Poma, are attached to the external circumference of the wheel and rotated by electric motors. The capsules are numbered from 1 to 33, excluding number 13 for superstitious reasons.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Each of the Template:Convert<ref name=facts>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> capsules represents one of the London boroughs,<ref name=making/> and holds up to 25 people,<ref name=tribune>Template:Cite news</ref> who are free to walk around inside the capsule, though seating is provided. The wheel rotates at Template:Convert per second (about 0.9 km/h or 0.6 mph) so that one revolution takes about 30 minutes, giving a theoretical capacity of 1,600 passengers per hour. It does not usually stop to take on passengers; the rotation rate is slow enough to allow passengers to walk on and off the moving capsules at ground level.<ref name=facts/> It is stopped to allow disabled or elderly passengers time to embark and disembark safely.<ref name=disabled>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2009, the first stage of a £12.5 million capsule upgrade began. Each capsule was taken down and floated down the river to Tilbury Docks in Essex.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 2 June 2013, a passenger capsule was named the Coronation Capsule to mark the 60th anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In March 2020, the London Eye celebrated its 20th birthday by turning several of its capsules into experiences themed around London. The experiences included a pub in a capsule, a West End theatre capsule and a garden party with flower arrangements to represent the eight London Royal Parks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SponsorsEdit
From the time of opening until 2008, the attraction was known as the British Airways London Eye under a naming rights deal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2009, it was rebranded as the Merlin Entertainments London Eye, reflecting the name of its operator.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EDF Energy became the sponsor in 2011, reportedly paying about £2.5 million a year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The deal coincided with its sponsorship of the London 2012 Olympic Games.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A capsule was repainted bright orange to match the company's branding, but local councillors refused consent and requested it be restored to its original appearance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2015, the attraction rebranded as the Coca-Cola London Eye, drawing criticism from children's health charities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Labour MP Keith Vaz urged the Government to intervene, condemning the "irresponsible" promotion of a high-sugar product "at a time of record child obesity, rotten teeth and diabetes."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2020, the online travel retailer lastminute.com became the new sponsor, with the wheel illuminated at night in the brand’s hot pink.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cultural significanceEdit
The London Eye has become widely regarded as a symbol of London.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In a 2006 government-commissioned survey, it was also named an icon of modern England.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Its image has been depicted inside British passports,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the moquette design on the seats of some London Underground trains,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The structure serves as the focal point for London’s New Year’s Eve celebrations;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> each year more than 2,000 fireworks are launched from the wheel itself during the televised display.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By 2013, reports indicated that at least 5,000 wedding proposals had taken place on the attraction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the London Eye joined other landmarks in illuminating in blue as part of the Clap for our Carers campaign in support of National Health Service staff.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
Critical receptionEdit
Sir Richard Rogers, winner of the 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize, wrote of the London Eye in a book about the project:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
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Transport linksEdit
The nearest London Underground station is Waterloo, although Charing Cross, Embankment, and Westminster are also within easy walking distance.<ref>How to get here Template:Webarchive</ref>
Connection with National Rail services is made at London Waterloo station and London Waterloo East station.
London River Services operated by Thames Clippers and City Cruises stop at the London Eye Pier.
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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