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Tucana (The Toucan) is a constellation in the southern sky, named after the toucan, a South American bird. It is one of twelve constellations conceived in the late sixteenth century by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Tucana first appeared on a Template:Convert celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille gave its stars Bayer designations in 1756. The constellations Tucana, Grus, Phoenix and Pavo are collectively known as the "Southern Birds".
Tucana is not a prominent constellation as all of its stars are third magnitude or fainter; the brightest is Alpha Tucanae with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.87. Beta Tucanae is a star system with six member stars, while Kappa is a quadruple system. The constellation contains 47 Tucanae, one of the brightest globular clusters in the sky, and most of the Small Magellanic Cloud.
HistoryEdit
Tucana is one of the twelve constellations established by the astronomer Petrus Plancius from the observations of the southern sky by the Dutch explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as the Eerste Schipvaart, to the East Indies. It first appeared on a Template:Convert celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in the German cartographer Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. Both Plancius and Bayer depict it as a toucan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=jasc45_215/> De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue the same year under the Dutch name Den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt "the Indian magpie, named Lang in the Indies",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> by this meaning a particular bird with a long beak—a hornbill, a bird native to the East Indies. A 1603 celestial globe by Willem Blaeu depicts it with a casque.<ref name="ridpathpav">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was interpreted on Chinese charts as Niǎohuì "bird's beak", and in England as "Brasilian Pye", while Johannes Kepler and Giovanni Battista Riccioli termed it Anser Americanus "American Goose", and Caesius as Pica Indica.<ref name="allen">Template:Cite book</ref> Tucana and the nearby constellations Phoenix, Grus and Pavo are collectively called the "Southern Birds".<ref name="binocs">Template:Cite book</ref>
CharacteristicsEdit
Irregular in shape, Tucana is bordered by Hydrus to the east, Grus and Phoenix to the north, Indus to the west and Octans to the south. Covering 295 square degrees, it ranks 48th of the 88 constellations in size. The recommended three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Tuc".<ref name=pa30_469/> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 10 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between Template:RA and Template:RA, while the declination coordinates are between −56.31° and −75.35°.<ref name=boundary/> As one of the deep southern constellations, it remains below the horizon at latitudes north of the 30th parallel in the Northern Hemisphere, and is circumpolar at latitudes south of the 50th parallel in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="motz">Template:Cite book</ref>
FeaturesEdit
StarsEdit
Although he depicted Tucana on his chart, Bayer did not assign its stars Bayer designations. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille labelled them Alpha to Rho in 1756, but omitted Omicron and Xi, and labelled a pair of stars close together Lambda Tucanae, and a group of three stars Beta Tucanae. In 1879, American astronomer Benjamin Gould designated a star Xi Tucanae—this had not been given a designation by Lacaille who had recognized it as nebulous, and it is now known as the globular cluster 47 Tucanae. Mu Tucanae was dropped by Francis Baily, who felt the star was too faint to warrant a designation, and Kappa's two components came to be known as Kappa1 and Kappa2.<ref name="wagman">Template:Cite book</ref>
The layout of the brighter stars of Tucana has been likened to a kite.<ref name="striecher 2005">Template:Cite journal</ref> Within the constellation's boundaries are around 80 stars brighter than an apparent magnitude of 7.<ref name="o'meara">Template:Cite book</ref> At an apparent magnitude of 2.86,<ref name=simbadalpha>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Alpha Tucanae is the brightest star in the constellation and marks the toucan's head.<ref name="motz"/> It is an orange subgiant of spectral type K3III around 199 light-years distant from the Solar System.<ref name=simbadalpha/> A cool star with a surface temperature of 4300 K, it is 424 times as luminous as the Sun and 37 times its diameter. It is 2.5 to 3 times as massive.<ref name="kaleralpha">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Alpha Tucanae is a spectroscopic binary, which means that the two stars have not been individually resolved using a telescope, but the presence of the companion has been inferred from measuring changes in the spectrum of the primary. The orbital period of the binary system is 4197.7 days (11.5 years).<ref name=ncsbo>Template:Cite journal</ref> Nothing is known about the companion.<ref name="kaleralpha"/> Two degrees southeast of Alpha is the red-hued Nu Tucanae,<ref name="motz"/> of spectral type M4III and lying around 290 light-years distant.<ref name=simbadnu>Template:Cite news</ref> It is classified as a semiregular variable star and its brightness varies from magnitude +4.75 to +4.93.<ref name=AAVSOnu>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Described by Richard Hinckley Allen as bluish,<ref name="allen"/> Gamma Tucanae is a yellow-white sequence star of spectral type F4V and an apparent magnitude of 4.00 located around 75 light-years from Earth.<ref name=simbadgamma>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It also marks the toucan's beak.<ref name=knobel>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Beta, Delta and Kappa are multiple star systems containing six, two and four stars respectively. Located near the tail of the toucan,<ref name="motz"/> Beta Tucanae's two brightest components, Beta1 and Beta2 are separated by an angle of 27 arcseconds and have apparent magnitudes of 4.4 and 4.5 respectively. They can be separated in small telescopes. A third star, Beta3 Tucanae, is separated by 10 arcminutes from the two, and able to be seen as a separate star with the unaided eye. Each star is itself a binary star, making six in total.<ref name="turnleft">Template:Cite book</ref> Lying in the southwestern corner of the constellation around 251 light-years away from Earth, Delta Tucanae consists of a blue-white primary contrasting with a yellowish companion.<ref name="striecher 2005"/> Delta Tucanae A is a main sequence star of spectral type B9.5V and an apparent magnitude of 4.49.<ref name=simbaddeltaa>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The companion has an apparent magnitude of 9.3.<ref name=simbaddeltab>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Kappa Tucanae system shines with a combined apparent magnitude of 4.25, and is located around 68 light-years from the Solar System.<ref name=simbadkap>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The brighter component is a yellowish star,<ref name="turnleft"/> known as Kappa Tucanae A with an apparent magnitude of 5.33 and spectral type F6V,<ref name=simbadkapa>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the fainter lies 5 arcseconds to the northwest.<ref name="turnleft"/> Known as Kappa Tucanae B, it has an apparent magnitude of 7.58 and spectral type K1V.<ref name=simbadkapb>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Five arcminutes to the northwest is a fainter star of apparent magnitude 7.24—actually a pair of orange main sequence stars of spectral types K2V and K3V,<ref name=simbadkapcd>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which can be seen individually as stars one arcsecond apart with a telescope such as a Dobsonian with high power.<ref name="turnleft"/>
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Lambda Tucanae is an optical double—that is, the name is given to two stars (Lambda1 and Lambda2) which appear close together from the Earth, but are in fact far apart in space. Lambda1 is itself a binary star, with two components—a yellow-white star of spectral type F7IV-V and an apparent magnitude of 6.22,<ref name=simbadlambda1a>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a yellow main sequence star of spectral type G1V and an apparent magnitude of 7.28.<ref name=simbadlambda1b>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The system is 186 light-years distant.<ref name=simbadlambda1a/> Lambda2 is an orange subgiant of spectral type K2III that is expanding and cooling and has left the main sequence. Of apparent magnitude 5.46, it is approximately 220 light-years distant from Earth.<ref name=simbadlambda2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Epsilon Tucanae traditionally marks the toucan's left leg.<ref name=knobel/> A B-type subgiant, it has a spectral type B9IV and an apparent magnitude of 4.49. It is approximately 373 light-years from Earth.<ref name=simbadeps>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is around four times as massive as the Sun.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Theta Tucanae is a white A-type star around 423 light-years distant from Earth,<ref name=simbadthet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is actually a close binary system. The main star is classified as a Delta Scuti variable—a class of short period (six hours at most) pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study asteroseismology.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is around double the Sun's mass, having siphoned off one whole solar mass from its companion, now a hydrogen-depleted dwarf star of around only 0.2 solar masses.<ref name="templton00">Template:Cite journal</ref> The system shines with a combined light that varies between magnitudes 6.06 to 6.15 every 70 to 80 minutes.<ref name=AAVSOthet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="stobie76">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Zeta Tucanae is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F9.5V and an apparent magnitude of 4.20 located 28 light-years away from the Solar System.<ref name=simbadzet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite having a slightly lower mass, this star is more luminous than the Sun.<ref name="aaa373">Template:Cite journal</ref> The composition and mass of this star are very similar to the Sun, with a slightly lower mass and an estimated age of three billion years. The solar-like qualities make it a target of interest for investigating the possible existence of a life-bearing planet.<ref name="ab6">Template:Cite journal</ref> It appears to have a debris disk orbiting it at a minimum radius of 2.3 astronomical units.<ref name="apj674">Template:Cite journal</ref> As of 2009, no planet has been discovered in orbit around this star.<ref name=apjl700_2>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Five star systems have been found to have planets, four of which have been discovered by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile. HD 4308 is a star with around 83% of the Sun's mass located 72 light-years away with a super-Earth planet with an orbital period of around 15 days.<ref name="Udry2006">Template:Cite journal</ref> HD 215497 is an orange star of spectral type K3V around 142 light-years distant. It is orbited by a hot super-Earth every 3 days and a second planet around the size of Saturn with a period of around 567 days.<ref name="Lo Curto2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> HD 221287 has a spectral type of F7V and lies 173 light-years away, and has a super-Jovian planet.<ref name="Naef">Template:Cite journal (web preprint)</ref> HD 7199 has spectral type KOIV/V and is located 117 light-years away. It has a planet with around 30% the mass of Jupiter that has an orbital period of 615 days.<ref name=HARPSXXX>Template:Cite journal</ref> HD 219077 has a planet around 10 times as massive as Jupiter in a highly eccentric orbit.<ref name=coralie>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Deep-sky objectsEdit
The second-brightest globular cluster in the sky after Omega Centauri, 47 Tucanae (NGC 104) lies just west of the Small Magellanic Cloud. Only 14,700 light-years distant from Earth, it is thought to be around 12 billion years old.<ref name="o'meara"/> Mostly composed of old, yellow stars, it does possess a contingent of blue stragglers, hot stars that are hypothesized to form from binary star mergers.<ref name="objects"/> 47 Tucanae has an apparent magnitude of 3.9, meaning that it is visible to the naked eye; it is a Shapley class III cluster, which means that it has a clearly defined nucleus. Near to 47 Tucana on the sky, and often seen in wide-field photographs showing it, are two much more distant globular clusters associated with the SMC: NGC 121, 10 arcminutes away from the bigger cluster's edge, and Lindsay 8.Template:Sfn
NGC 362 is another globular cluster in Tucana with an apparent magnitude of 6.4, 27,700 light-years from Earth. Like neighboring 47 Tucanae, NGC 362 is a Shapley class III cluster and among the brightest globular clusters in the sky. Unusually for a globular cluster, its orbit takes it very close to the center of the Milky Way—approximately 3,000 light-years. It was discovered in the 1820s by James Dunlop.Template:Sfn Its stars become visible at 180x magnification through a telescope.<ref name="striecher 2005"/>
Located at the southern end of Tucana, the Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy that is one of the nearest neighbors to the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of 210,000 light-years. Though it probably formed as a disk shape, tidal forces from the Milky Way have distorted it. Along with the Large Magellanic Cloud, it lies within the Magellanic Stream, a cloud of gas that connects the two galaxies.<ref name="objects">Template:Cite book</ref> NGC 346 is a star-forming region located in the Small Magellanic Cloud. It has an apparent magnitude of 10.3.<ref name="striecher 2005"/> Within it lies the triple star system HD 5980, each of its members among the most luminous stars known.<ref name=triple>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Tucana Dwarf galaxy, which was discovered in 1990, is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy of type dE5 that is an isolated member of the Local Group.<ref name="LaveryMighell1992">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is located Template:Convert from the Solar System and around Template:Convert from the barycentre of the Local Group—the second most remote of all member galaxies after the Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy.<ref name="vandenbergh2000">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The barred spiral galaxy NGC 7408 is located 3 degrees northwest of Delta Tucanae, and was initially mistaken for a planetary nebula.<ref name="striecher 2005"/>
In 1998, part of the constellation was the subject of a two-week observation program by the Hubble Space Telescope, which resulted in the Hubble Deep Field South.<ref name=aj120_4_1648/> The potential area to be covered needed to be at the poles of the telescope's orbit for continuous observing, with the final choice resting upon the discovery of a quasar, QSO J2233-606, in the field.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Cited textsEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Stars of Tucana Template:Navconstel Template:Portal bar Template:Sky