McDonnell Douglas C-9

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The McDonnell Douglas C-9 is a retired military version of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 airliner. It was produced as the C-9A Nightingale for the United States Air Force, and the C-9B Skytrain II for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The final flight of the C-9A Nightingale was in September 2005,<ref>"Historic C-9 heads to Andrews for retirement". US Air Force, 24 September 2005.</ref> and the C-9C was retired in September 2011. The U.S. Navy retired its last C-9B in July 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The two remaining C-9s in Marine service were retired in April 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Despite being officially retired, one C-9B, BuNo 161529, was seen as late as November 2020 being operated by the U.S. Air Force as an experimental sensor testbed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Design and developmentEdit

In 1966, the U.S. Air Force identified a need for an aeromedical transport aircraft and ordered C-9A Nightingale aircraft the following year. Deliveries began in 1968.<ref name="World Air Power">Gunston, Bill, ed. The Encyclopedia of World Air Power. New York, NY: Crescent Books, 1986. Template:ISBN.</ref> The U.S. Air Force received 21 C-9A aircraft from 1968 to 1969.<ref name=Birtles/> The C-9As were used for medical evacuation, passenger transportation, and special missions from 1968 to 2005. The C-9A were named for English social reformer Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), the founder of modern nursing.<ref name=afretni>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:NHZDC9 WIKI.jpg

A C-9B Skytrain II offloading on the ramp at Naval Air Station Brunswick.

After selecting a modified DC-9 for passenger and cargo transport, the U.S. Navy ordered its first five C-9Bs, bureau numbers 159030 through 159034. However, since the Air Force was responsible for moving military personnel from place to place in the early 1970s under the Military Airlift Command, this order was canceled.Template:Citation needed

The Navy documented to Congress that their people were being given last seating on Air Force flights.Template:Citation needed Congress authorized the Navy to fly its own passenger/cargo jets shortly thereafter. The Navy ordered eight aircraft, bureau numbers 159113 through 159120. The first four went to VR-30 at NAS Alameda in California for west coast logistical support while the second four went to VR-1 at Norfolk in Virginia for east coast support. An additional six aircraft, bureau numbers 160046 through 160051Template:Citation needed were delivered to the Navy and the Marine Corps in 1976 with the first two aircraft being delivered to the Marine Corps at MCAS Cherry Point, the second two delivered to VR-1 at NAS Norfolk and the last two delivered to VR-30 at NAS Alameda. An additional ten more new and ten used DC-9s were purchased and converted to C-9B for the Navy. The last C-9B to fly for the Navy was retired on 28 June 2014.<ref name=Navy_C-9_Farewell>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many of the Navy's C-9Bs had a higher maximum gross take-off weight of Template:Convert. Auxiliary fuel tanks were installed in the lower cargo hold to augment the aircraft's range to nearly Template:Convert for overseas missions, along with the addition of tail mounted infrared scramblers to counter heat seeking missile threats in hostile environments.Template:Citation needed

Operational historyEdit

File:NASA 932 during parabolic flight (JSC2006-E-02418).jpg

NASA 932 reduced-gravity aircraft during parabolic flight

The C-9B aircraft have provided cargo and passenger transportation as well as forward deployed air logistics support for the Navy and Marine Corps. (The original "Skytrain" was the World War II era C-47 developed from the civilian DC-3.) A C-9B was also chosen by NASA for reduced gravity research,<ref>The History of C-9B Reduced Gravity Research Program Template:Webarchive. NASA/JSC, March 25, 2008</ref> replacing the aging KC-135 Vomit Comet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The C-9B squadron (VR) were located throughout the continental U.S., with detachments operated in Europe, and Asia.<ref>C-9 Skytrain fact file. US Navy, 15 April 2005.</ref>

VariantsEdit

C-9A Nightingale - 21 aeromedical evacuation aircraft based on the DC-9-32CF for U.S. Air Force delivered during 1968–69.<ref name=Birtles>Birtles, Philip. Douglas DC-9, pp. 109, 116–120, Airlife Publishing, 2002. Template:ISBN.</ref> One was converted for executive transport and stationed at Chievres, Belgium; a second aircraft was converted for VIP transport by the 86th Airlift Wing at Ramstein Air Base.Template:Citation needed
C-9B Skytrain II - 24 convertible passenger/transport versions of the DC-9-32CF for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps delivered from 1973 to 1976. Five more C-9s were converted from passenger configured DC-9s.<ref name=becher>Becher, Thomas. Douglas Twinjets, DC-9, MD-90, MD-90 and Boeing 717, pp. 170–176, Crowood Press, Aviation Series, 2002. Template:ISBN.</ref>
VC-9C - 3 executive transport aircraft for the U.S. Air Force; these were delivered in 1976<ref name=becher/> and served until 2011.Template:Citation needed
C-9K - 2 aircraft for the Kuwait Air Force.<ref name=becher/>

OperatorsEdit

File:McDonnell Douglas VC-9C (DC-9-32), USA - Air Force AN1673261.jpg

A US Air Force McDonnell Douglas VC-9C (DC-9-32), used often as Air Force Two or to transport first ladies

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Kuwait Air Force

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Aircraft on displayEdit

C-9A (AF serial number 67-22584) is the first C-9A accepted for the Military Airlift Command, and was additionally the first American jet aircraft specifically designed for medical evacuation. It is on display at the Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} Drummer, Janene L. and Wilcoxson, Kathryn A. "Chronological History of the C-9A Nightingale." March 2001. Retrieved July 9, 2015.</ref>

C-9A (AF serial number 71-0877) is on display at Scott AFB, Illinois
C-9A (AF serial number 71-0878) is on display in front of Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center at Lackland AFB, Texas
VC-9C (AF serial number 73-1682) is on display at the Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover AFB, Delaware
VC-9C (AF serial number 73-1681) is on display at the Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California and was used by Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation