Lillooet

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}}Template:Main other Lillooet (Template:IPAc-en) is a district municipality in the Squamish-Lillooet region of southwestern British Columbia. The town is on the west shore of the Fraser River immediately north of the Seton River mouth. On BC Highway 99, the locality is by road about Template:Convert northeast of Pemberton, Template:Convert northwest of Lytton, and Template:Convert west of Kamloops.

First NationsEdit

A main population centre of the Stʼatʼimc (Lillooet Nation), who comprise just over 50 per cent of the Lillooet area residents, it is one of the southernmost communities in North America where indigenous people form the majority. First Nations communities assert the land is traditional territory, having been continuously inhabited for thousands of years. The confluence of several main streams with the Fraser attracted large seasonal and permanent indigenous populations. Situated in the Lower Fountain, the Bridge River Rapids (Sat' or Setl), which blocked migrating salmon, has remained a popular fishing and fish drying site for centuries. Keatley Creek Archaeological Site, one of the largest ancient pit-house communities in the Pacific Northwest, is one of the many archaeological and heritage sites in the vicinity.<ref>A Complex Culture of the Northwest Plateau, ed. Bryan Hayden, SFU Archaeology</ref> Several petroglyph sites have been documented along the Fraser in the vicinity of Lillooet.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Name originEdit

The First Nations name of Pap-shil-KWA-KA-meen translates as the "place where the three rivers meet". The former European name of Cayoosh Flat inferred a dead or dying Cayuse horse (namely a decrepit specimen) at the river. In 1859, Governor Douglas granted a petition to change the name to Lillooet. The Lil'wat people lived on the Douglas Road, a.k.a. the Lakes Route, which was the main trail from the south. This name, which means "wild onion",<ref name=BCGNIS>Template:BCGNIS</ref> appears on Anderson's 1849 map.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Roads, ferries and bridgesEdit

For the fortune seekers of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush (upper canyon) and the Cariboo Gold Rush, the portage-intensive Douglas Road from the south terminated at Lillooet.Template:Sfn Across the Fraser, Parsonville was "Mile 0" of the Old Cariboo Road,Template:Sfn which stretched about Template:Convert northward to Alexandria. Built as a toll road by Gustavus Blin Wright,<ref>Template:Google books</ref> the first 20 to 30 kilometres of tortuous canyon-brink grade remained little changed until the 1970s.Template:Citation needed In 1864, the shorter Cariboo Road, which connected Yale to Barkerville via Ashcroft, bypassed Lillooet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Fraser was crossed by ferry at Lillooet. Parsonville had faded into obscurity by 1889, when the first bridge at Lillooet opened. Consequently, Lillooet became "Mile 0".Template:Sfn The numbered roadhouse names of the Cariboo district became measured from the bend in Main Street commemorated by a cairn erected in 1939.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, when the present bridge was constructed south of the town, these old travel measurements became understated by about two miles.

In 1994, fire destroyed the station bridge over the Seton River.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2020, a two-lane structure replaced the temporary single lane bridge installed in 1994.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MiningEdit

The section of Main Street north from the cairn was called "the Golden Mile" allegedly to reflect gold dust scattered on the groundTemplate:Citation needed but indisputably as a supply hub fueled by the goldrush traffic.Template:Sfn

West of Lillooet, the Golden Cache Mine on Cayoosh Creek, was staked in 1895. However, promising expectations proved illusive, which ended further investment. The associated prospecting boom ceased by 1900, when mining activity relocated to the Klondike.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Other gold prospecting in the area included underground hard-rock mining in the Bridge River Country, which began in the 1880s and 1890s, but peaked from the 1930s to the 1950s. Gold Bridge and Bralorne were mining centres. Prospecting for gold continues and to a lesser extent for copper, silver and nephrite jade. Until the discovery of larger jade deposits near Cassiar, the Lillooet area was the world's largest source of the nephrite form. Unknown tonnes were exported to China before government assayers discovered the nature of the "black rocks" that the Chinese miners found so interesting.Template:Citation needed

In the 1950s, local farmer and teacher Ron Purvis adapted the skil-saw concept to create a diamond rotary blade. The blade could safely cut the immovable jade boulders which line the banks and beds of the Fraser and Bridge rivers, whereas blasting would have shattered the rock. Although local stores sell polished jade souvenirs, major commercial jade operations no longer exist in the Lillooet area.Template:Citation needed

RailwayEdit

File:Lillooet railway station 2011.jpg
Lillooet railway station, 2011

The northward advance of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway (PGE) rail head reached the head of Seton Lake in January 1915<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Lillooet locality the following month. PGE built a depot between the Seton River and Cayoosh Creek.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That month, the first passenger train arrived,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> triggering a revival for the isolated town, since a railway could ship agricultural produce.Template:Sfn By year end, the track reached Clinton,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> an additional Template:Convert.

To benefit the railway rather than land speculators, PGE had bypassed the downtown by crossing the Fraser south of the Seton River on the Lillooet railway bridge. PGE erected a station and four-stall roundhouse at East Lillooet, which was a divisional point.<ref name=Tuff>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The initial depot, called Lillooet station, was Template:Convert westward across the Fraser.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1930, PGE built the Template:Convert Lillooet Diversion from the head of Seton Lake, through the downtown, and north to the Polley bridge. In 1931, PGE completed the bridge, built a new two-storey station downtown, and dismantled and reassembled the roundhouse nearby. The latter was demolished during the early 1970s.<ref name="Tuff" /> The Lillooet station building, which was replaced in 1986,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was Template:Convert east of Craig (Template:Convert east of Retakit after Craig closed) and Template:Convert south of Polley (Template:Convert south of Fountain after Polley closed).<ref>Timetable. 15 Feb 1959</ref>

The withdrawal of the Cariboo Prospector passenger train in October 2002 ended through service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Canadian National Railway freight trains on break and the Kaoham Shuttle still use the station.

Template:Adjacent stations

Early communityEdit

The town began as a goldrush centre in the late 1850s, booming during the progression of discoveries on the Fraser and in the Cariboo in the early 1860s. The title of "the largest town west of Chicago and north of San Francisco" moved in rapid succession from Yale to Lillooet, and then to Barkerville.<ref>Template:Google books</ref> Just after this gold rush, the town's layout was surveyed by the Royal Engineers.Template:Citation needed

In 1860, the population was 4,000–5,000.Template:Sfn About that time, Richard Hoey was granted Template:Convert on the Texas Creek Road.Template:Sfn St. Mary the Virgin Anglican church was built in 1861Template:Sfn and a school established in 1863.Template:Sfn That year, the hotels and shops served a population of about 1,600. The Stage Hotel (1860) was considered first class.<ref>Template:Google books</ref> The Pioneer Hotel (1862) became the Excelsior in the early 1900s. Further lodgings were the International Hotel (1866) and Victoria Hotel (1892).<ref>Template:Google books</ref>

In 1864, Joseph Watkinson, Thomas Harris, F.W. Foster, and Richard Hoey built the first flour mill.<ref>Template:Google books</ref> In 1896, St. Andrews Presbyterian church was erected.Template:Sfn In 1904, the town was surveyed.Template:Sfn

The 1930 fire destroyed the Excelsior, Hurley's Grocery, a movie theatre and the government liquor store.Template:Sfn In 1946, the settlement incorporated as a village municipality.<ref name="BCGNIS" /> In 1948, fire destroyed the Log Cabin Theatre, an 1860s livery barn that had been remodelled into theatre in 1934.Template:Sfn

Booms occurred during local gold mining activity, and in the 1940s and 50s during the construction of the Bridge River Power Project.Template:Citation needed In 1996, the town re-incorporated as a district municipality.<ref name="BCGNIS" />

Forestry and agricultureEdit

File:Lillooet, British Columbia.JPG
The Hop Farm neighbourhood.

The economy was historically based upon logging, the railway, ranching, farming, and government services. The long growing season has favoured orchards, and in recent times, ginseng. Once, hop and tobacco crops supported the former local beer, cigar and chewing tobacco industries. The town has relied upon forestry since the mid-1970s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the 1940s, an Italian named Savona planted vines in the Fountain area. Established in 2009, the Fort Berens Winery in East Lillooet was the first attempt at commercial viticulture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Visitors can taste the award-winning wines. The Cliff & George Vineyards, about Template:Convert south on the west side of the Fraser, offers a similar opportunity as well as picnic areas on the historic Texas Creek Ranch near Texas Creek.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Japanese internment campsEdit

Four internment camps existed in the Lillooet area during World War II, following the removal of Japanese Canadians from the British Columbia Coast in 1942. Each were "self-support" sites, where family groups who had the financial means could remain together, but the locations were more isolated than the camps in the Kootenays. Since internees were not permitted to return to the coast until 1949, many families permanently settled in Lillooet. The largest camp was East Lillooet, housing 309 people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The other nearby camps were at Shalalth,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Minto Mine,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and McGillvray Falls.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Later communityEdit

Template:Historical populations

The town includes infrastructure typical for its size.

In 2009, the district developed a community plan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2013, the water treatment plant received a $5.6 million upgrade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, Tourism Lillooet released a strategic plan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2022, an electric vehicle fast charging station opened.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Police, fire, and ambulance, respectively operate emergency service bases.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Lillooet Hospital & Health Centre is a Level 1 Community Hospital which includes 24-hour emergency services.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The district owns and operates the Lillooet Airport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DemographicsEdit

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lillooet had a population of 2,302 living in 1,111 of its 1,214 total private dwellings, a change of Template:Percentage from its 2016 population of 2,275. With a land area of Template:Cvt, it had a population density of Template:Pop density in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lillooet's larger regional population includes that of the three large bands of the St'at'imc or Lillooet Nation whose reserves abut the town on all sides, and another three large reserves within Template:Convert; 430 of the District of Lillooet's population are aboriginal.<ref name="Census of Canada, Community Profile">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Historical populations have included large numbers of Americans and Chinese, although there are few of either today (although many longtime local families, First Nations and non-First Nations, have some bloodlines from both).<ref>The Newspapering Murrays, Georgina Keddell, self-publ.</ref> The town's non-native population has been historically multi-ethnic in extraction, with a relatively high-rate of intermarriage between all groups.

ReligionEdit

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Lillooet included:<ref name="2021censusB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Religious groups in Lillooet (1991−2021)
Religious group 2021<ref name="2021censusB" /> 2011<ref name="2011census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

2001<ref name="2001census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

1991<ref name="1991census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

[[Population|Template:Abbr]] Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Template:Abbr
Christian 735 Template:Percentage 770 Template:Percentage 1,340 Template:Percentage 1,035 Template:Percentage
Indigenous spirituality 0 Template:Percentage 30 Template:Percentage N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sikh 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 65 Template:Percentage 105 Template:Percentage
Muslim 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 45 Template:Percentage 25 Template:Percentage
Buddhist 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 20 Template:Percentage 10 Template:Percentage
Jewish 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 10 Template:Percentage
Hindu 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage
Other religion 25 Template:Percentage 0 Template:Percentage 15 Template:Percentage 20 Template:Percentage
Irreligious 1,490 Template:Percentage 1,440 Template:Percentage 1,235 Template:Percentage 540 Template:Percentage
Total responses 2,275 Template:Percentage 2,270 Template:Percentage 2,720 Template:Percentage 1,750 Template:Percentage

EducationEdit

Lillooet has one high school, Lillooet Secondary, which also serves students from neighbouring rural localities such as Shalalth, Seton Portage, Gold Bridge and Bralorne, although those communities do offer students a secondary school program. Cayoosh Elementary School is in the Cayoosh Heights subdivision and George M. Murray Elementary serves North Lillooet. The Upper St'at'imc Culture, Language and Education Society (USCLES) operates education programs, but most St'at'imc children attend the public school system. Post-secondary programs are offered at a Thompson Rivers University campus.Template:Citation needed The Fountainview Academy, about Template:Convert south, is an international private school, which offers work-study experience that includes organic farming.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable peopleEdit

ClimateEdit

Lillooet experiences a humid continental/oceanic climate, but it borders on a semi-arid climate (Köppen Cfb/Dfb/BSk).Template:Citation needed

Situated at an intersection of deep gorges in the lee of the Coast Mountains, it has a dry climate with an average of Template:Convert of precipitation being recorded annually. The locality often vies with Lytton and Osoyoos for the title of "Canada's Hot Spot" on a daily basis in summer.Template:Citation needed

Lillooet holds the record for the fourth-hottest temperature recorded in British Columbia and Canada (behind Lytton, Ashcroft and Kamloops). On 29 June 2021, during the 2021 Western North America heat wave which brought unprecedented heat to the Pacific Northwest, the temperature reached Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lillooet also holds the record for the hottest temperature recorded in the province during the months of April (Template:Convert), May (Template:Convert), and December (Template:Convert). The coldest temperature recorded was measured at the airport during a November cold snap in 1985.

With an average annual snowfall of Template:Convert, Lillooet is the least snowy place in the BC Interior.<ref name="climate">Environment CanadaCanadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Template:Webarchive, accessed 9 July 2013</ref> Template:Weather box

FootnotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

External linksEdit

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