Jacques Rancière

Template:Short description Template:Infobox philosopher Jacques Rancière (Template:IPAc-en; {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; born 10 June 1940) is a French philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris VIII: Vincennes—Saint-Denis. After co-authoring Reading Capital (1965) with the structuralist Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser and others, and after witnessing the 1968 political uprisings his work turned against Althusserian Marxism, he later came to develop an original body of work focused on aesthetics.<ref>See: Jacques Rancière Faculty Profile Template:Webarchive at European Graduate School</ref>

Life and workEdit

Rancière contributed to the influential volume Reading Capital before publicly breaking with Althusser over his attitude toward the May 1968 student uprising in Paris; Rancière felt Althusser's theoretical stance did not leave enough room for spontaneous popular uprising.<ref name="rancieredavis">Ben Davis. Rancière, For Dummies. The Politics of Aesthetics. Book Review.</ref>

Since then, Rancière has departed from the path set by his teacher and published a series of works probing the concepts that make up the understanding of political discourse, such as ideology and proletariat. He sought to address whether the working class in fact exists, and how the masses of workers that thinkers like Althusser referred to continuously enter into a relationship with knowledge, particularly the limits of philosophers' knowledge with respect to the proletariat. An example of this line of thinking is Rancière's book entitled Le philosophe et ses pauvres (The Philosopher and His Poor, 1983), a book about the role of the poor in the intellectual lives of philosophers.

From 1975 to 1981, Rancière was a figurehead for the journal Les Révoltes Logiques. Forming partly out of a philosophy seminar on workers' history that Rancière gave at Vincennes, it drew together philosophers and historians for a radical political intervention into French thought after the May 1968 uprisings.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Its title acting as both a reference to Arthur Rimbaud's poem, "Democratie" (Nous massacrerons les révoltes logiques – "We'll smash all logical revolts") and the Maoist Cultural Revolutionary slogan adopted by the Gauche Prolétarienne group, of which some of Les Révoltes Logiques' members were active within,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 'On a raison de se revolter' – 'It is right to revolt.',<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the journal attempted to interrogate and contest the historiographic and political norms around the representation of workers' and social history. Writing, along with figures like feminist historian Geneviève Fraisse, Rancière and others attempted to reveal the complexity, contradictions and diversity of 'thought and history from below'. In its fifteen ordinary issues, the collective wished to overcome the historiographic norms in which the working class were given historical treatment but rendered voiceless, homogeneous and pre-theoretical; instead, they allowed workers to speak for themselves, and interrogated their words seriously.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

More recently Rancière has written on the topic of human rights and specifically the role of international human rights organizations in asserting the authority to determine which groups of people, again the problem of masses, justify human rights interventions and even war.

Rancière's book, The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation (original title Le Maître ignorant: Cinq leçons sur l'émancipation intellectuelle, published in 1987) was written for educators and educators-to-be. Through the story of Joseph Jacotot, Rancière challenges his readers to consider equality as a starting point rather than a destination. In doing so, he asks educators to abandon the themes and rhetoric of cultural deficiency and salvation. Rather than requiring informed schoolmasters to guide students towards prescribed and alienating ends, Rancière argues that educators can channel the equal intelligence in all to facilitate their intellectual growth in virtually unlimited directions. The schoolmaster need not know anything (and may be ignorant). Rancière begins with the premises that all are of equal intelligence and that any collective educational exercise founded on this principle can provide the insights from which knowledge is constructed. He claims that the poor and disenfranchised should feel perfectly able to teach themselves whatever it is they want to know. Furthermore, anyone can lead, and the oppressed should not feel bound to experts or reliant on others for their intellectual emancipation.

Jacotot advocated the 'equality of intelligence' and claimed that an ignorant person could teach another ignorant person. Rancière developed this idea in The Ignorant Schoolmaster, saying that “there is stultification whenever one intelligence is subordinated to another ... whoever teaches without emancipating stultifies”.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Political philosophyEdit

Basic conceptsEdit

Rancière's philosophy began as markedly radical, anti-elitist, and aggressively anti-authoritarian, with a focus on comparing and contrasting aesthetics and politics that developed later in his career.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gabriel Rockhill published an English glossary of Rancière's technical terms in 2004 as Appendix I to the English translation of Rancière's The Politics of Aesthetics with cross references to their explication in Rancière's major works. This glossary includes key terms in Rancière's philosophy that either he invented or uses in a radically different manner than their common usages elsewhere such as aesthetic regime, aesthetic unconscious, archi-politics, Community of Equals, demos, dissensus, distribution of the sensible, emancipation, the ethical regime of images, literarity, meta-politics, ochlos, para-politics, partition of the sensible, police order, the poetics of knowledge, post-democracy, regimes of art, silent speech, and le tort.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

Rancière's political philosophy is characterized by a number of key concepts: politics, disagreement, police, equality, post-democracy:

Politics — an activity the subject of which is equality.<ref name="Ed">The Edinburgh Dictionary of Continental Philosophy / John Protevi (ed.) – Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005. Template:Isbn; Template:Isbn</ref>
Disagreement — an insurmountable conflict between people, which is inherent in human nature and manifests itself in a speech situation when one of the interlocutors understands and does not understand the other at the same time.
Police — a symbolic ordering of the social, aimed at determining the share of participation or lack of participation in each part. The concept goes back to the work of Michel Foucault in the 1970s.<ref name="May">May, Todd. The Political Thought of Jacques Rancière: Creating Equality. PA, Edinburgh: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008. Template:Isbn; Template:Isbn</ref>
Equality — a set of practices aimed at certifying the equality of anyone with anyone.
Post-democracy — consensus system of modernity based on the identity (full compliance) of society and the individual and the consideration of society as the sum of its parts.

InfluenceEdit

In 2006, it was reported that Rancière's aesthetic theory had become a point of reference in the visual arts, and Rancière has lectured at such art world events as the Frieze Art Fair.<ref name="rancieredavis"/> Former French presidential candidate Ségolène Royal described Rancière as her favourite philosopher.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Among those intellectuals influenced by his work, Gabriel Rockhill, the editor and translator into English of Rancière's The Politics of Aesthetics,<ref name=":0"/> has developed a new paradigm for thinking about the historical relation between aesthetics and politics in close dialogue with Rancière's writings.

Rancière's writings have also influenced developments in film theory, including historical and comparative approaches to representation, politics and spectatorship.<ref>Kitchen, Will (2023). Film, Negation and Freedom: Capitalism and Romantic Critique. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic</ref>

The literary critic Rita Felski has named Rancière as an important precursor to the project of postcritique within literary studies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Selected bibliographyEdit

Rancière's work in English translation

Reading Capital (1968) (with Louis Althusser, Roger Establet, Pierre Macherey and Étienne Balibar in the French original edition)
“Reply to Levy”. Telos 33 (Fall 1977). New York: Telos Press.
The Nights of Labor: The Workers' Dream in Nineteenth-Century France (1989) Template:ISBN.
The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation (1987, tr. 1991) - Template:ISBN.
The Names of History: On the Poetics of Knowledge (1994) - This is a brief book, arguing for an epistemological critique of the methods and goals of the traditional study of history. It has been influential in the philosophy of history
On the Shores of Politics (1995): Template:ISBN
Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy (1998) Template:ISBN.
Short Voyages to the Land of the People (2003): Template:ISBN
The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible, ed. and transl. by Gabriel Rockhill (2004): Template:ISBN
The Philosopher and His Poor, ed. Andrew Parker, co-trans. John Drury, Corinne Oster, and Andrew Parker (2004): Template:ISBN
The Future of the Image (2007): Template:ISBN
Hatred of Democracy (2007): Template:ISBN
The Aesthetic Unconscious (2009), transl., Debra Keates & James Swenson: Template:ISBN
Aesthetics and its Discontents (2009), tr. by Steve Corcoran: Template:ISBN
The Emancipated Spectator (2010): Template:ISBN
Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics (2010): Template:ISBN
Chronicles of Consensual Times (2010), tr. by Steven Corcoran: Template:ISBN
The Politics of Literature (2011), tr. by Julie Rose: Template:ISBN
Staging the People: The Proletarian and His Double (2011), tr. by David Fernbach: Template:ISBN
Althusser's Lesson (2011) - The first English translation of Rancière's first book, in which he explores and begins to move beyond the thought of his mentor, Louis Althusser (tr. by Emiliano Battista) Template:ISBN
Mute Speech: Literature, Critical Theory, and Politics (2011), tr. by James Swenson: Template:ISBN
Mallarmé: The Politics of the Siren (2011), tr. by Steven Corcoran: Template:ISBN
Aisthesis: Scenes from the Aesthetic Regime of Art (2013), tr. by Zakir Paul: Template:ISBN
Bela Tarr, the Time After (2013), tr. by Erik Beranek: Template:ISBN
Figures of History (2014), tr. by Julie Rose: Template:ISBN
The Method of Equality (2016), tr. by Julie Rose: Template:ISBN
Modern Times (2017) : Template:ISBN - 4 essays on temporality in art and politics, originally written in English
"A coffee with Jacques Rancière Beneath the Acropolis" (2018), Babylonia
The Edges of Fiction (2019), tr. by Steve Corcoran: Template:ISBN
Politics and Aesthetics, with Peter Engelmann (2019), tr. by Wieland Hoban: Template:ISBN
What Times Are We Living In? (2020), tr. by Steve Corcoran: Template:ISBN
The Time of the Landscape (2022), tr. by Emiliano Battista: Template:ISBN
Uncertain Times (2024), tr. by Andrew Brown: Template:ISBN
Rethinking Emancipation (2024), tr. by Andrew Brown: Template:ISBN

Selected articles in English

"Ten Theses on Politics", Theory & Event, 2001
"Who Is the Subject of the Rights of Man?", The South Atlantic Quarterly, Volume 103, Number 2/3, Spring/Summer 2004, pp. 297–310
"Is there a Deleuzian Aesthetics?", Tr. Radmila Djordjevic, Qui Parle?, Volume 14, Number 2, 2004, pp. 1–14
"The Thread of the Novel", Novel: A Forum on Fiction, Volume 47, Number 2, 2014, pp. 196–209