Template:Short description Template:Infobox military person
Colonel David Haskell Hackworth (November 11, 1930 – May 4, 2005) was a United States Army officer and journalist, who was highly decorated in both the Korean War and Vietnam War. Hackworth is known for his role in the formation and command of Tiger Force, a military unit from the 101st Airborne Division that used guerrilla warfare tactics against Viet Cong in South Vietnam.
He was the youngest US colonel in Vietnam at the time of his promotion. He was described by General Creighton Abrams, who commanded all US military operations from 1968 to 1972 in Vietnam, as "the best battalion commander I ever saw in the United States Army."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Hackworth was born in Ocean Park, California (now part of Santa Monica), on November 11, 1930, the son of Leroy E. Hackworth and Lorette (Kensly) Hackworth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His parents both died before he was a year old, so he and his brother and sister were raised by Ida Stedman, their paternal grandmother.<ref name="King">Template:Cite news</ref>
The family had to rely on government aid during the Great Depression, and his grandmother, who had been married to a Colorado gold miner, brought them up on tales of her Old West experiences and her Revolutionary War ancestors.<ref name="King" /> While attending school in Santa Monica, Hackworth and a friend earned money by shining the shoes of soldiers stationed at bases in the area.<ref name="Irish">Template:Cite news</ref>
Military careerEdit
Imbued with a sense of adventure, at age 14, Hackworth lied about his age and paid a transient to pose as his father so he could claim to be old enough to join the United States Merchant Marine with parental consent.<ref name="King" /><ref name="Irish" /> In 1945 he served aboard a Merchant Marine ship in the South Pacific Ocean during the final months of World War II.<ref name=Lieberman>Template:Cite book</ref> After he returned home to California he decided to join the United States Army. In 1946, he used his Merchant Marine documents to enlist for three years.<ref name="Lieberman"/> After completing his initial training, he was assigned to post-war occupation duty as a rifleman in the 351st Infantry Regiment, 88th Infantry Division. Based in Trieste, his unit was part of Trieste United States Troops. While serving in Trieste, Hackworth earned his General Educational Development high-school equivalency diploma.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
KoreaEdit
Hackworth fought with the 25th Reconnaissance Company and the 27th Infantry (Wolfhound) Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division during the Korean War. He gained a battlefield commission as a second lieutenant in 1951 and was awarded three Silver Stars for heroism and three Purple Hearts. After a successful raid on Hill 1062 and battlefield promotion to first lieutenant, the commander of the 27th Infantry Regiment offered Hackworth command of a new volunteer raider unit. Hackworth created the 27th Wolfhound Raiders and led them from August to November 1951. He subsequently volunteered for a second tour in Korea, this time with the 40th Infantry Division. Hackworth was promoted to the rank of captain.<ref name="About_Face">See David Hackworth, About Face.</ref>
Cold WarEdit
Template:External media Hackworth was demobilized after the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1954. But he quickly became bored with civilian life, so after two years of college he re-joined the U.S. Army as a captain in 1956.
When Hackworth returned to active duty, the Cold War substantially changed the structure of the army from what he had known. Initially posted to 77th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion in Manhattan Beach, California, Hackworth was eventually assigned to Germany, initially in staff roles, but returning to infantry in the early 1960s as a company commander under Colonel Glover S. Johns. He was involved in a number of fire drills around the Berlin Crisis of 1961. He recounted his experiences with the Soviet guard and his views on military history in his book About Face.
After completing an associate of arts degree at Los Angeles Harbor College,<ref>Hackworth pp. 324–25</ref> and completing additional courses at several other colleges, in 1964, Hackworth graduated from Austin Peay State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in history, after which he attended the Command and General Staff College.<ref>Hackworth pp. 448–49</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, May 20, 2002</ref>
VietnamEdit
When President John F. Kennedy announced that a large advisory team was being sent to South Vietnam, Hackworth immediately volunteered for service. His request was denied, on the grounds that he had too much frontline experience, and that others who had seen less fighting (or none) should have an opportunity to acquire experience in combat.<ref>David Hackworth, About Face: The Odyssey of an American Warrior, 1990, p. 416</ref>
In 1965, he deployed to Vietnam at the rank of Major, serving as an operations officer and battalion commander in the 101st Airborne Division. In November 1965, Hackworth founded a platoon-sized unit designated as Tiger Force to "out guerrilla the guerrillas".<ref>Sallah and Weiss, Tiger Force, 13–14, 23, 224.</ref> The unit carried out long-range reconnaissance patrol duties, suffering heavy casualties; it was eventually awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.<ref>Mahr, "Unit's founder Template:Webarchive"</ref> However, after Hackworth was promoted out of Vietnam, the unit committed a series of war crimes, with U.S. Army investigative records estimating that Tiger Force soldiers killed hundreds of noncombatants. Hackworth later stated in an interview with the Toledo Blade that he was unaware of the war crimes the unit carried out and refused to speculate on why they occurred.<ref name="toledoblade.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hackworth quickly developed a reputation as an eccentric but effective soldier, becoming a public figure in several books authored by General S. L. A. "Slam" Marshall. Following a stateside tour at the Pentagon and promotion to lieutenant colonel, Hackworth co-wrote The Vietnam Primer with Marshall after returning to Vietnam in the winter of 1966–67 on an Army-sponsored tour with the famous historian and commentator. The book advised counter-insurgency fighters to adopt some of the guerrilla tactics used by Mao Zedong, Che Guevara, and Ho Chi Minh. Hackworth described the strategy as "out-G-ing the G." His personal and professional relationship with Marshall soured as Hackworth became suspicious of his methods and motivation.<ref name=autogenerated1>Template:Cite book</ref>
However, both his assignment with "Slam" Marshall and his time on staff duty at the Pentagon soured Hackworth on the Vietnam War. One aspect of the latter required him to publicly defend the U.S. position on the war in a speaking tour. Even with his reservations concerning the conflict, he refused to resign, feeling it was his duty as a field grade officer to wage the campaign as best he could.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Hackworth was assigned to a training battalion at Fort Lewis, Washington, and then returned to Vietnam to lead elements of the 9th Infantry Division, turning his theories about guerrilla warfare and how to counter it into practice with the 4th Battalion, 39th Infantry Regiment (4-39 Infantry) in the Mekong Delta, an underperforming unit made up largely of conscripts which Hackworth transformed into the counter-insurgent "Hardcore" Battalion (Recondo) from January to late May 1969.
Hackworth next served as a senior military adviser to the ARVN, the South Vietnamese army. His view that the U.S. Army was not learning from its mistakes, and that ARVN officers were essentially corrupt and ineffective, created friction with Army leadership.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
In early 1971, Hackworth was promoted to the rank of colonel and received orders to attend the Army War College, an indication that he was being groomed for the general officer ranks. He had declined a previous opportunity to go to the War College, and turned down this one, as well, indicating his lack of interest in becoming a general and demonstrating his discontent with the war and the Army's leaders.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
CriticismEdit
Hackworth's dissatisfaction ultimately culminated in a television interview with ABC. On June 27, 1971, he appeared on the program Issues and Answers and strongly criticized U.S. commanders in Vietnam, said the war could not be won and called for U.S. withdrawal. The interview enraged senior U.S. Army officers at the Pentagon.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
He subsequently retired as a colonel. Senior Army leaders investigated Hackworth, who avoided them for several weeks. He was nearly court-martialed for various allegations during his Vietnam service, such as running a brothel, running gambling houses, and exploiting his position for personal profit by manipulating the scrip in which soldiers were paid and the limited U.S. currency available in the war zone. Ultimately, Secretary of the Army Robert Froehlke opted not to press charges, deciding that Hackworth's career accomplishments outweighed his supposed misdeeds and that prosecuting an outspoken war hero would result in unneeded bad publicity for the Army.<ref name="blade-retirement">Template:Cite news</ref>
Post-military careerEdit
AustraliaEdit
After leaving the Army, Hackworth settled on the Australian Gold Coast near Brisbane.<ref name="Tweed">Template:Cite news</ref> He soon made a fortune through profitable ventures that included real estate investing, a duck farm, and a popular restaurant called Scaramouche.<ref name="Tweed"/><ref name="Sydney">Template:Cite news</ref> He was also active in the Australian antinuclear movement.<ref name="Sydney"/>
WritingEdit
Hackworth returned to the U.S. in the mid-1980s and began working as a contributing editor on defense issues for Newsweek. He also made regular television appearances to discuss various military-related topics, and the shortcomings of the military. His commentary on the psychological effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, based on his own experiences in overcoming it, resonated with disabled veterans.Template:Citation needed
In the mid-1990s, Hackworth investigated Admiral Jeremy Michael Boorda, then Chief of Naval Operations. Hackworth, through his Newsweek articles, questioned Boorda's longtime wearing of two bronze "valor pins"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (in the Navy, the "V" device was worn on certain decorations to denote valor in combat or direct combat participation with the enemy) on his Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal service ribbons, generating much controversy. Boorda committed suicide before he could be interviewed by Hackworth, who had received at least one Army Commendation Medal and other decorations with the "V" device from the U.S. Army in the Vietnam War (in the Army, the "V" device denoted valor in combat only). The Navy reviewed the matter and determined afterwards that the two "Combat Distinguishing Devices" (Combat "V"'s) that Boorda had worn on two of his uniform service ribbons since the Vietnam War and until almost a year before Hackworth's and Newsweek's intervention, were both unauthorized despite the fact Boorda and some others serving on Boorda's destroyer had been given verbal authorization for the devices by Admiral Elmo Zumwalt during the war.Template:Cn
Hackworth's last assignment in a combat/conflict zone was with Newsweek during the initial deployment of US forces into Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the Implementation Force in February 1996. Hackworth joined 3rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry of the 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division near the disputed village of Brcko. Hackworth interviewed a number of officers and enlisted soldiers, reinforcing his historical tenure as a seasoned combat veteran of previous wars and as a well-known and respected journalist.
Hackworth appeared on countless television and radio talk shows and formed his own website, Soldiers for the Truth, continuing to be the self-proclaimed voice of the "grunts" (ground troops) until his death.
King Features Syndicate distributed Hackworth's weekly column "Defending America".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Many of his columns discussed the War on Terrorism and the Iraq War and were concerned with the policies of the American leadership in conducting the wars, as well as the conditions of the soldiers serving. Hackworth continued the column until his death from bladder cancer in May 2005. Associates believe that his cancer was caused by exposure to Agent Blue<ref name=agentblue>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Failed verification (a defoliant used in Vietnam), and are lobbying the United States government to have the substance labeled a known carcinogen like the more famous Agent Orange.
WorksEdit
- Books
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- Template:Cite book Novel.
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- Journalism
Hackworth wrote articles for:
- Maxim
- Men's Journal
- Modern Maturity
- Newsweek
- Parade
- People
- Playboy
- Self
- Soldier of Fortune
- WorldNetDaily
DeathEdit
Hackworth died on May 4, 2005, at the age of 74 in Tijuana, Mexico, as he was searching for alternative treatments for his bladder cancer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was survived by his wife, Eilhys England, four children from his two previous marriages, and a stepdaughter. His remains were interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
Military decorations and awardsEdit
Hackworth earned over 90 U.S. and foreign military awards and frequently wore a CIB lapel pin on his civilian sport jackets.
His military awards include:
| Distinguished Service Cross w/ one oak leaf cluster<ref name="Hackworth_Medals">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Silver Star w/ one silver and three bronze oak leaf clusters<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||||||||||
| Silver Star (second ribbon required for accoutrement spacing)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Legion of Merit w/ three oak leaf clusters<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Distinguished Flying Cross<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||||||||||
| Bronze Star w/ "V" Device and seven oak leaf clusters (seven awards for heroism)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Purple Heart w/ seven oak leaf clusters<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Air Medal w/ "V" Device and award numeral 34 (1 award for heroism and 33 awards for aerial achievement)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||||||||||
| Army Commendation Medal w/ "V" Device and three oak leaf clusters<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Good Conduct Medal<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | World War II Victory Medal<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||||||||||
| Army of Occupation Medal w/ Germany and Japan clasps<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
National Defense Service Medal w/ one [[Service star|Template:Frac" bronze star]]<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Korean Service Medal w/ one [[Campaign stars|Template:Frac" silver star]] and three Template:Frac" bronze stars<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||||||||||
| Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | Vietnam Service Medal w/ two Template:Frac" silver stars<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Armed Forces Reserve Medal<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||||||||||
| Vietnam Cross of Gallantry w/ two Template:Frac" silver stars and two [[5/16 inch star|Template:Frac" gold stars]]<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal (1st Class)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Vietnam Staff Service Medal (1st Class)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||||||||||
| United Nations Korea Medal<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal w/ 1960- device<ref name="Hackworth_Medals"/> | Republic of Korea War Service Medal | ||||||||||
| Template:Ribbon devices | ||
| Template:Ribbon devicesTemplate:Ribbon devicesTemplate:Ribbon devices | ||
| Template:Ribbon devicesTemplate:Ribbon devicesTemplate:Ribbon devices |
| Presidential Unit Citation (Army)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | ||
| Valorous Unit Award w/ oak leaf cluster<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
Meritorious Unit Commendation<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
| Republic of Vietnam Presidential Unit Citation<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation (three awards)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> | Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
| U.S. Badges, Patches and Tabs | |
| File:CIB2.svg | Combat Infantryman Badge w/ one silver star (2 awards)<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
| File:US Army 1st BN-327th Inf Reg Trimming.svgFile:Master Parachutist badge (United States).svg | US Master Parachutist Badge<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
| File:United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png | Army Staff Identification Badge<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
| File:Combat service identification badge of the 101st Airborne Division.png | 101st Airborne Division Combat Service Identification Badge<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
| File:327InfRegtDUI.jpg | 327th Infantry Regiment Distinctive Unit Insignia<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
| Foreign badges | |
| File:ViPaBa.jpgFile:WikiProject Scouting BSA Eagle Bronze Palm.svg | Vietnam Master Parachutist Badge<ref name="Hackworth_Medals" /> |
.svg){kind=link}
Distinguished Service Cross citationsEdit
Admiral Boorda accusations and Media apologies over Hackworth reportingEdit
In 1996, Hackworth accused Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Michael Boorda of wearing two unauthorized service ribbons on his uniform denoting valor in combat. Boorda committed suicide during Hackworth's investigation. In 1997, Hackworth was accused of wearing unauthorised decorations: an extra Distinguished Flying Cross and a Ranger Tab.<ref name="CNN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An audit later proved it was a US Army administrative error and not the fault of Hackworth.
In response to Hackworth's investigation of Admiral Boorda, CNN and the CBS Evening News with Dan Rather questioned the accuracy of Hackworth's own military decorations.<ref name=CNN_McIntyre_1997>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=NYT_Shenon_19970516>Template:Cite news</ref> In particular, the reports accused Hackworth of claiming a Ranger Tab to which he was not entitled and an extra Distinguished Flying Cross listed on his website. Hackworth threatened to sue CBS and requested a formal audit of his military records. In response to the findings made from the military audit, the executive producer of CBS News sent a letter to Hackworth that stated:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
The Army's audit of its records has determined that the Army made an administrative error back in 1988 when it reissued your medals and awards. Along with numerous other decorations, the Army mistakenly issued you a Ranger Tab and two Oak Leaf Clusters for your Distinguished Flying Cross. The Army has thus verified what we reported as your explanation of the matter.
As far as we are concerned, the Army audit makes clear that you did not at any time wear or claim any military honor not actually issued by the U.S. Army, based on its official records, including the service record you signed and dated. At the same time, CBS continues to believe that our reports did not state or imply that you knowingly wore or claimed decorations not issued by the U.S. Army and that any such inference drawn from the reports would be mistaken.
Similarly, we do not believe our reports in any way equated your conduct with that of the late Admiral Boorda's. Indeed, as we believe we made clear in our reports, by all accounts you are a man who has shown extraordinary heroism in your service to our country, and has deservedly been awarded many of the nation's most coveted awards for valor.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
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In 2002, Hackworth was asked about the controversy in an interview with Proceedings. In the interview, he stated:<ref name=Proceedings_200212>Template:Cite interview</ref>
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
I had served in the 8th Ranger Company; later I served in the 27th Raiders of the 25th Infantry Division. On the Raiders' tenth mission, the regimental commander awarded every trooper the Ranger Tab. When all this fell out after the Boorda story, I immediately had my records audited. And they reflected that I was awarded the Ranger Tab. It was on my official records; it's not something I claimed falsely.
Let me tell you how the regulation reads now. To rate a Ranger Tab, you had to have been awarded the Combat Infantry Badge (CIB) while a member of the 8th Ranger Company. But I got my CIB with Company G, 27th Infantry Regiment. Thus, the 1951 award of the tab did not meet the 1980s criteria. I take all the blame.
All the guys in the 27th Raiders got the Ranger Tab, but they were not Rangers. When the Boorda story exploded, people were looking for chinks in my armor. So I'm a defrocked Ranger. As it turned out, though, in the Army's vetting of my record, they found I had ten Silver Stars, not nine.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
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ReferencesEdit
- Sources
External linksEdit
- Stand for the Troops
- Template:C-SPAN
- Review of 'About Face' in US Army War College Parameters magazine, December, 1989
- Slate article, Newsweek's Major Embarrassment: He's called Col. Hackworth, November, 1996
- Inspector General Military Assistance Command Vietnam – Report of Investigation of Colonel David Hackworth, 16 January 1971 Template:Webarchive