Keelung

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File:Keelung City Montage.png
Above: Panoramic view of central Keelung and Keelung Port Second left: Main gate of Chung Cheng Park Second right: Start of Sun Yat-sen Freeway Third left: North coast of Keelung Third right: Keelung Port Bottom left: A windmill wind squid (Loliginidae) in the center Right: Keelung Island

Keelung (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref name="pron">Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> Template:Lang-zh), Chilung or Jilong (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref name="pron"/> ), officially known as Keelung City, is a major port city in northeastern Taiwan. The city is part of the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area with neighboring New Taipei City and Taipei. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung), and was the world's 7th largest port in 1984.

In 1626, the Spanish established Fort San Salvador at present-day Keelung, an area inhabited by Taiwanese indigenous peoples. Control of the area eventually passed to the Qing dynasty. Fighting between China and Europeans around Keelung occurred in the 19th century during the First Opium War and the Sino-French War. The island of Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War; under Japanese rule the city was called Kirun. Keelung became part of Taiwan Province under the Republic of China after 1945. Administratively, the city became a first-level subdivision in 2018 after the provincial government was abolished.

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NameEdit

According to early Chinese accounts, this northern coastal area was originally called Pak-kang (Template:Lang-zh).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By the early 20th century, the city was known to the Western world as Kelung,<ref>for example: Template:Cite book</ref> as well as the variants Kiloung, Kilang and Keelung.Template:Sfnp In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa (1898–1904) James W. Davidson related that "Kelung" was among the few well-known names, thus warranting no alternate Japanese romanization.Template:Sfnp

However, the Taiwanese people have long called the city Kelang (Template:Lang-zh<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>). While it has been proposed that this name was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage, it is more likely that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, the Ketagalan people were the first inhabitants, and early Han settlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" with Ke-lâng (Ketagalan: ke-, "domain marker prefix" + Taiwanese Hokkien Template:Lang-zh), the noun root being replaced with the common Taiwanese Hokkien term for people, while the domain marker circumfix "ke- -an" being reduced to just the prefix.

In 1875, during the late Qing era, a new official name was given (Template:Lang-zh).<ref name="KCG-Qing">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Mandarin, probably the working language of Chinese government at the time, both the old and new names were likely pronounced Gīlóng (hence "Keelung").

Under Japanese rule (1895–1945), the city was also known to the west by the Japanese romanization Kiirun.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In Taiwanese Hokkien, the native language of the area, the city is called Ke-lâng. In Hanyu Pinyin, a system created for Mandarin Chinese in Mainland China, the name of Keelung is written as Jīlóng (the shift from initial K to J is a recent development in the Beijing dialect, see Old Mandarin).<ref>Template:R:nan:tdj</ref><ref>Template:Holodict</ref>

HistoryEdit

Early historyEdit

Keelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built San Salvador de Quelung, a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa. Besides the native Taiwanese aborigines, the Spanish authorities from Spanish Manila settled North Taiwan (especially Keelung and Tamsui) with a mixture of Sangley Chinese (primarily Fujianese traders), Christian Japanese, native Filipinos (e.g. Kapampangan, Tagalogs, etc.) as merchants and laborers,<ref name="Andrade">Template:Cite book</ref> and some Mexican Mestizos, Mulattos, Blacks, Mexican Amerindians as soldiers and laborers and a few Spanish Filipinos from Spanish Philippines and rarely Mexican Criollo Spaniards from New Spain (Mexico) as Catholic friar missionaries and colonial leaders, with the Latin Americans from New Spain (Mexico) brought over to North Taiwan from Manila through the Manila-Acapulco Galleons.<ref>Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r −428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r −41 v .</ref> From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was under Dutch control.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="mingdyn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad. They reduced its size and renamed it Fort Noort-Hollant.<ref name="mingdyn" /> The Dutch had three more minor fortifications in Keelung and also a little school and a preacher.

When Ming dynasty loyalist Koxinga successfully attacked the Dutch in southern Taiwan (Siege of Fort Zeelandia), the crew of the Keelung forts fled to the Dutch trading post in Japan. The Dutch came back in 1663 and re-occupied and strengthened their earlier forts. However, trade with Qing China through Keelung was not what they hoped it would be and, in 1668, they left after getting harassed by aboriginals.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Qing dynastyEdit

First Opium WarEdit

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During the First Opium War, the British merchant ship Nerbudda shipwrecked near the port of Keelung due to a typhoon in September 1841. Several months later, another British merchantman, the brig Ann, also shipwrecked near Keelung on March 1842. Hundreds of survivors from both ships were captured by Chinese authorities and transferred to Taiwan. Two senior Chinese officials, Dahonga and Yao Ying, filed a false report to the Daoguang Emperor, claiming to have beaten off a British attack against Keelung. In October 1841, the Royal Navy sloop HMS Nimrod sailed to Keelung to search for survivors of Nerbudda, but after they found out the Chinese sent them south for imprisonment, Nimrod bombarded the city's port, destroying 27 cannon before returning to British Hong Kong. Most of the survivors—over 130 from the Nerbudda and 54 from the Ann—were summarily executed by the Chinese in August 1842.<ref name="Tsai2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gordon2009">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1863, the Qing Empire opened up Keelung as a trading port and the city enjoyed rapid development due to the abundant commodities such as placer gold and high quality coal found in the drainage area of Keelung River. In 1875, Taipeh Prefecture was created and included Keelung. In 1878, Keelung was formed into a ting or sub-prefecture.Template:Sfnp Around the same time, the name was changed from Ke-lang (Template:Lang-zh) to Kilong (Template:Lang-zh), which means "rich and prosperous land".<ref name=KCG-Qing />

The city suffered serious damage and lost hundreds of inhabitants during an earthquake and tsunami in 1867. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 and was caused by movement on a nearby fault.<ref name="Cheng16">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Sino-French WarEdit

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File:Landing of French forces at Keelung.jpg
French forces landed at Keelung on 1 October 1884.

During the Sino-French War (1884–85), the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign. Liu Mingchuan, who led the defence of Taiwan, recruited Aboriginals to serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French of Colonel Jacques Duchesne's Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The French were defeated at the Battle of Tamsui and the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight-month-long campaign before the French withdrew.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Verify source

Empire of JapanEdit

A systematic city development started during the Japanese Era, after the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, which handed all Taiwan over to Japan. A five-phase construction of Keelung Harbor was initiated, and in by 1916 trade volume had exceeded even those of Tamsui and Kaohsiung Harbors to become one of the major commercial harbors of Taiwan.<ref name="KCG-JR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Keelung was governed as Template:Nihongo, Kīrun District, Taihoku Prefecture in 1920 and was upgraded to a city in 1924.<ref name="KCG-JR" /> The Pacific War broke out in 1941, and Keelung became one of the first targets of Allied bombers and was nearly destroyed as a result.<ref name="KCG-JR" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Republic of ChinaEdit

After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in October 1945, Keelung was established as a provincial city of Taiwan Province. The Keelung City Government worked with the Keelung Harbor Bureau<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to rebuild the city and the harbor and by 1984, the harbor became the 7th largest container harbor in the world.<ref name=KCG-ROC /> The city became directly governed by the Executive Yuan after Taiwan Province was streamlined in 1998 and became a de facto first level division in 2018 following the dissolution of the Taiwan Provincial Government.

GeographyEdit

File:Txu-oclc-6557994-index-458.jpg
lang}}) and vicinity (1950s)

Keelung City is located in the northern part of Taiwan Island. It occupies an area of Template:Convert and is separated from its neighboring county by mountains in the east, west and south. The northern part of the city faces the ocean and is a great deep water harbor since early times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Keelung also administers the nearby Keelung Islet as well as the more distant and strategically important Pengjia Islet, Mianhua Islet and Huaping Islet.<ref name="govkl2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="gs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ClimateEdit

Keelung has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with a yearly rainfall average upwards of Template:Convert. It has long been noted as one of the wettest and gloomiest cities in the world; the effect is related to the Kuroshio Current.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Although it is one of the coolest cities of Taiwan, winters are still short and warm, whilst summers are long, relatively dry and hot, temperatures can peek above 26 °C during a warm winter day, while it can dip below 27 °C during a rainy summer day, much like the rest of northern Taiwan. However its location on northern mountain slopes means that due to orographic lift, rainfall is heavier during fall and winter, the latter during which a northeasterly flow prevails. During summer, southwesterly winds dominate and thus there is a slight rain shadow effect. Fog is most serious during winter and spring, when relative humidity levels are also highest.

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AdministrationEdit

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Zhongzheng District is the seat of Keelung City which houses the Keelung City Government and Keelung City Council. The current Mayor of Keelung is George Hsieh of the Kuomintang.

Administrative divisionsEdit

Keelung has seven (7) districts:<ref name="govkl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Map Name Chinese Taiwanese Hakka Population (October 2023) Area (km²)
File:Districts of Keelung-Taiwan.svg Zhongzheng Template:Large Template:Linktext Tsûng-tsang 50,693 10.2118
Zhongshan Template:Large Template:Linktext Tsûng-sân 45,523 10.5238
Ren-ai<ref name="govkl"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>||Template:Large||Template:Linktext||Yìn-oi

41,159 4.2335
Xinyi (Sinyi) Template:Large Template:Linktext Sin-ngi 53,399 10.6706
Anle Template:Large Template:Linktext Ôn-lo̍k 80,452 18.0250
Nuannuan Template:Large Template:Linktext Nôn-nôn 38,455 22.8283
Qidu Template:Large Template:Linktext Tshit-tù 52,806 56.2659

PoliticsEdit

Keelung City is represented in the Legislative Yuan by Lin Pei-hsiang, or Jonathan Lin,<ref>"Eleventh-term Legislators". Legislative Yuan (Taiwan). Retrieved April 17, 2025.</ref> of the Kuomintang, who was elected in 2024.

DemographicsEdit

Template:Historical populationsIn 2023, Keelung had a population of 362,255, a year-on-year increase of 2.02% but a decrease of 2.90% from 2014. About 70.11% were of working age (15-64 years), 9.65% were children (0-14 years), and 20.24% were above 65. The city's dependency ratio grew slightly to 42.64% while its aged-child ratio rose 13 percentage points to 209.87%. Of the 327,310 Keelung residents aged 15 and above, 45.20% had a bachelor’s degree. Household income averaged NT$1,182,233.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Keelung became the “loneliest” city in Taiwan in 2024, with more than 41 percent of its households comprising one person living alone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Indigenous peoples made up 3,617 of its households.<ref name=":0" />

Population growthEdit

Year Population Notes
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FestivalsEdit

One of the most popular festivals in Taiwan is the mid-summer Ghost Festival. The Keelung Ghost Festival is among the oldest and largest in Taiwan, dating back to 1855 after bitter clashes between rival clans, which claimed many lives before mediators stepped in.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A truce was negotiated and the two sides agreed to bury their dead together and to maintain communal peace through competition in folk performances.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Keelung Ghost Festival is the first folklore custom to be included in Taiwan's national cultural heritage list.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Today, the festivities are organized on a rotation basis by the city's 15 major clan associations, which are formed by people sharing the same surname.<ref name=":1" /> The highlight of the festival comes on the evening of the 14th day of the Ghost Month. Clan associations display elaborate floats in a parade, which culminates in the release of lit water lanterns into the sea to honor the dead.<ref name=":2" /> The event has become a major attraction drawing visitors from home and abroad.<ref name=":1" />

EconomyEdit

When Taiwan shifted from import substitution to an export-oriented economy after the Second World War, Keelung became increasingly important for foreign trade, serving as a major logistics hub in northern Taiwan and a crucial point for international shipping. As Taiwan’s trade volume rose steadily in the 1970s, transport, warehousing, customs brokerage, and other ports logistics services expanded in Keelung, as did the shipbuilding and ship maintenance industry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city developed quickly and by 1984, the Port of Keelung became the 7th largest container port in the world.<ref name="KCG-ROC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

However, in the 1990s, Keelung Port’s overall throughput began to decline as a result of intense domestic and international competition and geographical constraints limiting its expansion. The port gradually opened to tourism. It attracted major cruise operators such as Star Cruises, Princess Cruises, Royal Caribbean, and Costa Cruises, positioning itself as a home port for cruise liners.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Keelung Port recorded a peak of 595 cruise calls and served 946,000 passengers. In 2017, Keelung earned the title of Asia’s best cruise home port at the Asia Cruise Forum Jeju in South Korea. At the same event five years later, Keelung won a Special Achievement Award from Jeju-based Asia Cruise Leaders Network for its post-pandemic business recovery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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EducationEdit

Education in Keelung City is governed by the Department of Education of Keelung City Government.

Universities and collegesEdit

Keelung City houses three universities and colleges, namely the National Taiwan Ocean University, Deh Yu College of Nursing and Health and Chungyu University of Film and Arts.

About 45 percent of city residents aged 15 and above have a bachelor’s degree.<ref name=":0" />

High schoolsEdit

Keelung has 12 senior high schools—eight public and four private, which are attended by about 7,000 students.<ref name=":0" />

EnergyEdit

Keelung City houses the only fully oil-fired power plant in Taiwan, the Hsieh-ho Power Plant, which is located in Zhongshan District. The installed capacity of the power plant is 2,000 MW.

Tourist attractionsEdit

PortsEdit

ParksEdit

Cultural centersEdit

MuseumsEdit

Historical structuresEdit

Baimiweng Fort, Dawulun Fort, Gongzi Liao Fort, Keelung Fort Commander's Official Residence, Nuannuan Ande Temple, Pengjia Lighthouse, Uhrshawan Battery and Xian Dong Yan.

Night marketsEdit

Keelung Miaokou Night Market

TransportationEdit

Keelung is easily accessible by train, bus, and freeway. It is about a half-hour drive from Taipei via National Freeway 1 and 3. Taiwan Railway commuter trains from Taipei to the Keelung Main Station take about 40 minutes. Intercity buses serve multiple points within the city.

RailEdit

WaterEdit

Taiwan's second largest port, the Port of Keelung, is located in the city. The port serves destinations to Matsu Islands, Xiamen and Okinawa.

International relationsEdit

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Twin towns – Sister citiesEdit

Keelung is twinned with:

Notable peopleEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Notable people from Keelung include:

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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