Colin McPhee

Colin Carhart McPhee (March 15, 1900 – January 7, 1964) was a Canadian-American composer and ethnomusicologist. He is best known for being the first Western composer to make a musicological study of Bali,<ref name="KarantonisRobinson2016">Template:Cite book</ref> and to develop American gamelan along with fellow composer Lou Harrison. He wrote original music influenced by that of Bali and Java, decades before compositions based on world music became widespread.

Early life and career

Childhood

McPhee was born on March 15, 1900, in Montréal, Québec, Canada, to a family of mostly Scottish and German ancestry. His father, Alexander McPhee, was an advertising executive for Bell Telephone Company. His mother, Lavinia McPhee (née Carhart) was originally from New Jersey and settled in Montréal after marrying Alexander.<ref name="indo">Template:Citation</ref>

First musical education

In 1918 he enrolled in the Peabody Institute at the Johns Hopkins University, studying composition with Gustav Strube and piano with Harold Randolph; subsequently he studied with the avant-garde composer Edgard Varèse before marrying Jane Belo, a disciple of Margaret Mead, in 1931.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Career

McPhee joined the circle of experimental composers known as the "ultra-modernists" and was among those—along with the group's leader, Henry Cowell, John J. Becker, and Cowell protégé Lou Harrison—particularly interested in what would later become known as "world music". McPhee and his wife moved to Bali together for Belo's anthropological work. Once there McPhee studied, filmed<ref>"Bali's biggest street party". Wayan Juniarta, The Jakarta Post, Denpasar | April 6, 2017</ref> and wrote extensively about the culture and music of the gamelans, and in 1936 wrote an original musical score, Tabuh Tabuhan, in the Balinese style.

McPhee, who was gay,<ref name="oja">Template:Citation</ref> divorced Belo in 1939. In the early 1940s he lived in a large brownstone in Brooklyn, which he shared with W. H. Auden and Benjamin Britten, among others.

In 1942, he arranged Britten's Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge, a work for string orchestra, for two pianos, to be used for Lew Christensen's ballet Jinx.<ref name="KennedyBourne2004">Template:Cite book</ref> McPhee was responsible for introducing Britten to the Balinese music that influenced such works by the British composer as The Prince of the Pagodas, Curlew River, and Death in Venice.<ref name="brett">Template:Citation</ref>

In 1947, McPhee published a book A House in Bali, about Balinese culture and music during the 1930s.<ref name=george>"The Best Travel Books About Bali". National Geographic, February 24, 2016, By Don George</ref> Later in the decade, McPhee fell into an alcohol-fueled depression, but began to write music again during the 1950s. He became professor of ethnomusicology at UCLA in 1958 and was also a respected jazz critic. He died in Los Angeles.

In the 1990s, Alex Pauk's Esprit Orchestra recorded and released renditions of several never previously recorded compositions by McPhee.<ref>Arthur Kaptainis, "Esprit release yields two Juno nominees". Montreal Gazette, February 24, 1996.</ref> This resulted in McPhee receiving posthumous Juno Award nominations for Best Classical Composition for "Symphony No. 2" at the Juno Awards of 1998<ref>"Nominations announced for Juno Awards". The Daily Gleaner, February 12, 1998.</ref> and "Concerto for Wind Orchestra" at the Juno Awards of 1999.<ref>Leah McLaren, "Dion leads Juno nominees; Ladies and Twain also up for awards". The Globe and Mail, January 28, 1999.</ref> He won the award in 1999.<ref>"Complete list of Juno Award winners". The Globe and Mail, March 9, 1999.</ref>

American composer Evan Ziporyn wrote an opera about McPhee's life, titled A House in Bali. The opera premiered at Puri Saraswati in Ubud, Bali, on June 26 and 27, 2009.

In 2017, an album Peter Pears: Balinese Ceremonial Music, performed Thomas Bartlett & Nico Muhly and partly based on McPhee's transcriptions, was released on the Nonesuch/Warners label.<ref>"'Balinese Ceremonial Music' by Thomas Bartlett & Nico Muhly: Slow-burning beauty". The Irish Times, Cormac Larkin, May 18, 2018</ref><ref>" Album | Thomas Bartlett & Nico Muhly – Peter Pears: Balinese Ceremonial Music". For Folks Sake, by Lorenzo Righetto • June 5, 2018</ref>

Published works

McPhee's A House in Bali, the chronicle of his life there, is still considered a valuable introduction to Balinese culture.<ref name=george /> His posthumously published Music in Bali was the first comprehensive analysis of Balinese music published in English.

His best-known musical work is Tabuh-Tabuhan: Toccata for Orchestra, composed and premiered in Mexico in 1936. Its title translates as "collection of percussion instruments", and it combines Balinese and traditional Western musical elements. It is scored for Western orchestra but, in McPhee's description, the core of the ensemble is a "'nuclear gamelan' composed of two pianos, celesta, xylophone, marimba, and glockenspiel," giving it a percussive balance of sound. The orchestra is augmented by two Balinese gongs and cymbals. The work is in three movements: "Ostinatos," a flute-related "Nocturne," and a syncopated "Finale." Some of the themes in it derive from Balinese folk sources. In 2013, the piece was choreographed and performed by the American Ballet Theater Company.<ref>"American Ballet Theater's 'Sylphides' and 'Gong'". The New York Times - November 3, 2013, Allistair Macaulay</ref>

• Angkloeng gamelans in Bali. (1937?)
• Balinese wajang koelit and its music. (1936?, 1981) Template:ISBN
• Children and music in Bali. (1938) Publisher: Overdruk Uit Djawa
• A House in Bali. (1944) Publisher: The Asia Press with The John Day Company, New York
• Transitions for orchestra. (1954)
• Music in Bali: a study in form and instrumental organization in Balinese orchestral music. (1966, 1976) Template:ISBN
• A House in Bali. (1980) Template:ISBN (introduction by James Murdoch)
• Club of small men : a children's tale from Bali. (2002) Template:ISBN

Films

• 1985: Colin McPhee: The Lure of Asian Music (dir. Michael Blackwood)

Further reading

• Template:Citation

External links

• UCLA Ethnomusicology Archive: Finding Aid for the Colin McPhee Collection 1930-1964
• Colin McPhee's entry in the Canadian Encyclopedia
• Larry Polansky. Ethnomusicology. Colin McPhee: Composer in Two Worlds by Carol Oja

Listening

• Portrait of Composer Colin McPhee by Charles Amirkhanian (November 5, 1980)
• Colin McPhee: the Lure of Asian Music - a clip from the documentary offering a brief gamelan concert followed by an excerpt of a piece by Colin McPhee.