Sterna

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Sterna is a genus of terns in the bird family Laridae. The genus used to encompass most "white" terns indiscriminately, but mtDNA sequence comparisons have determined that this arrangement was paraphyletic. It is now restricted to the typical medium-sized white terns with deeply forked tails, which occur near-globally, mostly in coastal regions but several also using freshwater habitats inland.<ref name=Bridge>Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. (2005). A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution Template:Webarchive. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 459–469.</ref>

Taxonomy

The genus Sterna was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The type species is the common tern (Sterna hirundo).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sterna is derived from Old English "stearn" which appears in the poem The Seafarer; a similar word was used to refer to terns by the Frisians.<ref name=OED>Template:OED</ref>

Species

The genus contains 13 species.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
File:IndianRiverTern.jpg	River tern	Sterna aurantia	Inland rivers from Pakistan east through the Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia.
File:Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri) RWD1.jpg	Forster's tern	Sterna forsteri	North America.
File:Snowy-crowned Tern, Vicente López, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1.jpg	Snowy-crowned tern or Trudeau's tern	Sterna trudeaui	Argentina, south-east Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
File:Arctic Tern - Farne Is FJ0A4087 (35937283840).jpg	Arctic tern	Sterna paradisaea	Arctic and Subarctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America (as far south as Brittany and Massachusetts).
File:Gaviotin Sudamericano (cropped).jpg	South American tern	Sterna hirundinacea	Southern South America, including the Falkland Islands, ranging north to Peru (Pacific coast) and Brazil (Atlantic coast).
File:Sterna vittata - Antarctica V (cropped).jpg	Antarctic tern	Sterna vittata	Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the Heard Island, the McDonald Islands, Australia, and New Zealand.
File:Sterne de Kerguelen.jpg	Kerguelen tern	Sterna virgata	Kerguelen Islands, the Prince Edward Islands (i.e. Prince Edward and Marion) and Crozet Islands.
File:2014-05-18 Sterna hirundo, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 02.jpg	Common tern	Sterna hirundo	Eastern North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia east to Siberia and Kazakhstan.
File:Sterna repressa, Wadi El-Gemal Reserve, Red Sea, Egypt 1.jpg	White-cheeked tern	Sterna repressa	Coasts on the Red Sea, around the Horn of Africa to Kenya, in the Persian Gulf and along the Iranian coast to Pakistan and western India.
File:Black-naped Tern, Arborek, West Papua, Indonesia 1.jpg	Black-naped tern	Sterna sumatrana	Tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
File:2021-07-10 Sterna dougallii, St Marys Island, Northumberland 09.jpg	Roseate tern	Sterna dougallii	Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, and winters south to the Caribbean and west Africa; and subspecies from east Africa across the Indian Ocean to Japan, and in Australia and New Caledonia.
File:Sterna striata, Kaiaua, Firth Of Thames, Waikato, New Zealand 2.jpg	White-fronted tern	Sterna striata	New Zealand and Australia.
File:Black Bellied Tern (cropped).jpg	Black-bellied tern	Sterna acuticauda	Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh, with a separate range in Myanmar.

The following genera were formerly often included in Sterna:<ref name=Bridge/>

• Onychoprion (larger terns with white foreheads and dark backs)
• Sternula (small terns mostly with white foreheads)
• Thalasseus (large terns with crests)

External links

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