Template:Short description Template:Italic title
Template:Nihongo are curved, comma-shaped beads that appeared in prehistoric Japan from the Final Jōmon period through the Kofun period, approximately 1000 BCE to the 6th century CE.<ref name="kokushi">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The beads, also described as jewels, were made of stone and earthen materials in the early period, but by the end of the Kofun period were made almost exclusively of jade. Template:Transliteration originally served as decorative jewelry, but by the end of the Kofun period functioned as ceremonial and religious objects.
Jōmon periodEdit
Template:Transliteration first appeared in Japan in the Final Jōmon period (1000–300 BCE), and in this period were made from relatively simple, naturally occurring materials, including clay, talc, slate, quartz, gneiss, jadeite, nephrite, and serpentinite.<ref name="nipponika">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Template:Transliteration from the Jōmon period were irregularly shaped, lacked continuity in form from region to region, and have been called "Stone Age Template:Transliteration" for this reason.<ref name="kokushi"/><ref name="nipponika"/> Template:Transliteration are thought to be an imitation of the teeth of large animals, pierced with a hole, which are found in earlier Jōmon remains.<ref name="dijitaru-magatama">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> These resemble Template:Transliteration, but more recent scholarship indicates that these early Jōmon may have simply had a decorative function, and have no relationship to Template:Transliteration.<ref name="nipponika"/> Template:Transliteration in the Jōmon period appear to have moved from the purely decorative to having a status and ceremonial function by the end of the period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A "middle Jōmon exchange network" may have existed, whereby Template:Transliteration were produced in regions where materials for their manufacture were readily plentiful. Jade and talc examples produced in bead-making villages located in present-day Itoigawa, Niigata have been found at a large number of sites along the northern coast, in the central mountains, and in Kantō region.<ref name="barnes">Template:Citation</ref>Template:Rp
Archaeological sites (Jōmon)Edit
Examples of Template:Transliteration from the Jōmon period have been discovered in large numbers at the Kamegaoka site in Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture. The Kamegaoka remains are among the largest known Jōmon settlement in Japan, and the Template:Transliteration, among other decorative objects found, may be an indicator of the high social status of the settlement.<ref name=aikens-jomon>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Other sites associated with the Kamegaoka settlement have yielded Template:Transliteration, including the Ōboriya shell mound, in the northwest corner of Ōfunato Bay, which yielded a huge number of beads, as well as the Korekawa site, near Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture. Remains from the Korekawa site can be seen at the Korekawa Archaeological Museum in Hachinohe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Stone and clay Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration-like beads have also been discovered at the Amataki site, Ninohe, Iwate Prefecture, Osagata site, Ibaraki Prefecture, and the Kou site, Fujiidera, Osaka Prefecture.<ref name=aikens-jomon/>Template:Rp Numerous Template:Transliteration at the Ōishi site, Bungo-ōno, Ōita Prefecture, Kyushu show signs of being used for ceremonial, rather than decorative, purposes.<ref name=aikens-jomon/>Template:Rp
The Sannai-Maruyama Site, excavated 1992 in Aomori, Aomori Prefecture, yielded three large jade beads measuring Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Yayoi periodEdit
Template:Transliteration in the Yayoi period (300 BCE – 300 CE) are notably different from Jōmon-period Template:Transliteration. The jewels moved from a primitive, non-standard form towards more polished and uniform form in this period.<ref name="kawade">Template:Cite book</ref> The technology to cut large gemstones and polish jewels notably advanced in the Yayoi period.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Refined materials such as jadeite, serpentinite, and glass replaced the less sophisticated materials of the Jōmon period.<ref name="nipponika"/> Yayoi period Template:Transliteration are noted for their reverse C-shaped form, which by the end of the period had become an almost squared shape.<ref name="nipponika"/> From the Yayoi period onwards, Template:Transliteration uniformly feature a bored hole that allowed the jewels to be held on a string.
The Yayoi period is marked by specific geographic centers specializing in Template:Transliteration and the widespread trade of Template:Transliteration. The period is marked by the formation of power centers that came to be individual states. The development of weapons increased in this period to protect increasingly developed rice fields and fishing rights. Trade greatly increased in this period, as did the specialization of production of certain items, including Template:Transliteration. Template:Transliteration producing areas exchanged their product with other products, specifically rice, leading to the widespread distribution of Template:Transliteration across Japan.<ref name="yomiuri-kuni">Template:Citation</ref> Template:Transliteration were commonly used to create necklaces and bracelets worn on the wrists or ankles. The necklace was typically constructed of jadeite Template:Transliteration separated by cylindrical bored-holed pieces of jasper. Small beads of dark-blue glass are also not uncommon on the necklace. The bracelet typically also used shells from the coastal areas of Shikoku and the Inland Sea, wood, and bronze.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In this period the use of the mirror, sword, and jewels as status symbols for village, and later regional leaders of all kinds, emerged in the Yayoi period, and point to the origin of the mirror, sword, and Template:Transliteration as the Imperial Regalia of Japan.<ref name="yomiuri-1">Template:Citation</ref>
The Records of the Three Kingdoms, the earliest historical document with a reference to Japan, describes the Wa people, an ancient country of Yamatai, and its queen, Himiko. The Record indicates that when Himiko died, her relative Iyo, a girl of 13, was made queen and sent a delegation of twenty officials under Yazuku, an imperial general, to offer tribute to the Northern Wei court. "The delegation visited the capital and offered to the court five thousand white gems and two pieces of carved jade, as well as twenty pieces of brocade with variegated designs."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The carved jade in the Record likely describes a tribute of two jade Template:Transliteration.
Archaeological sites (Yayoi)Edit
The large-scale Yayoi period remains at the Yoshinogari site, Yoshinogari and Kanzaki in Saga Prefecture revealed examples of lead glass Template:Transliteration typical of the Yayoi period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2003, the excavation of a large Yayoi period settlement in Tawaramoto, Nara also revealed two large jade Template:Transliteration, one Template:Convert, the second Template:Convert in length. The larger Tawaramoto Template:Transliteration is the 10th-largest example found to date in Japan. Both jade Template:Transliteration from the site are of unusually high-quality brilliant green jade.<ref>弥生で最大級のひすい製品 唐古・鍵遺跡出土の勾玉Template:In lang</ref>
One known center of Yayoi Template:Transliteration production was in the area of the Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine in Osaka. Template:Transliteration literally means "jewel making", and a guild, the Tamatsukuri-be, was active from the Yayoi period. An existing jewel at the shrine is said to have great spiritual power. Template:Transliteration appear on all sorts of implements of the present-day temple, including amulets, roof tiles, and lanterns. The inari female fox at the gate of a subshrine of Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine wears a necklace of Template:Transliteration. The shrine has an exhibit on the history and production of Template:Transliteration.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Kofun periodEdit
Template:Transliteration became very common in the Kofun period (250–536 CE), and by the end of the period almost all Template:Transliteration tumuli contained Template:Transliteration.<ref name="kawade"/> In the early Kofun period, Template:Transliteration were made from jadeite as in earlier periods, but by the middle of the period were made from jasper, and by the end of the period, almost exclusively of agate and jade.<ref name="nipponika"/> Template:Transliteration capped by silver or gold also appear towards the end of the period. Large Template:Transliteration made of talc, imitations of smaller ones made of more precious materials, were used as grave goods.<ref name="nipponika"/> Template:Transliteration are found in Template:Transliteration tumuli across Japan from the period. Their use went from merely decorative to sacred and ceremonial grave goods.<ref name="nipponika"/><ref name="yomiuri">Template:Citation</ref> Template:Nihongo are Template:Transliteration with inscriptions that look like flowers of the clove tree and have a hole suitable to attach to a string.<ref name="kawade"/> These first appear in the Kofun period.<ref name="kokushi"/> Also in the Kofun period, Template:Transliteration appear on necklaces, with several Template:Transliteration set between bored cylinders. Archeological remains show evidence of similar ankle bracelets, but they are less common. Clay Template:Transliteration funerary objects of the Kofun period commonly depict people wearing the necklaces and ankle bracelets.<ref name="holtom-jewels">Template:Citation</ref>Template:Rp
Archaeological sites (Kofun)Edit
Examples of stone Template:Transliteration from the Kofun period are especially numerous. An excavation of the Kamegaoka Template:Transliteration, Kishiwada, Osaka, revealed a local who had been buried with a jade, jasper, and alabaster Template:Transliteration necklace, as well as Template:Transliteration placed near the feet. A bronze mirror imported from China accompanying the burial was dated to 239 CE.<ref name=aikens-kofun>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Template:Transliteration is a Designated Historical Spot of the city of Kishiwada. Ceremonial offerings from a burial from the Kisami-Araida area of Shimoda, Shizuoka also revealed clay reproductions of Template:Transliteration used as effigies. The excavation of the Ubusuna Template:Transliteration<ref name="kyotango">史跡 産土山古墳Template:In lang</ref> in Kyōtango, Kyoto yielded two fully intact Template:Transliteration necklaces of jade and agate, with segments between Template:Convert in length.<ref name="kyotango"/><ref name=aikens-kofun/>Template:Rp
The large Muro Miyayama Template:Transliteration of Katsuragi, Nara, on the Yamato Plain, Template:Convert in length, was plundered long before its excavation, but revealed 600 talc ceremonial Template:Transliteration among other funerary objects, which also included 10 bronze Han Chinese mirrors.<ref name=aikens-kofun/>Template:Rp The Hiraide remains of Shiojiri, Nagano, one of the three largest prehistoric sites in Japan, and far from any regional power center, includes typical Kofun period remains, but also objects associated with modern Shinto ceremonial practice. Nevertheless, Template:Transliteration in Hiraide reveal both plain and elaborate Template:Transliteration among other funerary objects.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Sakurai Template:Transliteration in Sakurai, Nara, excavated in 1949, represents a Template:Transliteration from the final phase of the Kofun period, and is possibly from a ruler associated with the imperial family. The Template:Transliteration is Template:Convert high and shows evidence of being surrounded by a moat. Among the very large number of funerary objects were high-quality weapons, including swords, 10 mirrors, and a necklace of jadeite Template:Transliteration, agate cylinders, and glass beads used to make a Template:Transliteration-style necklace.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Origin of magatama formsEdit
Archaeologists and historians are unable yet to explain what the origins of Template:Transliteration forms are, or whether these forms can be traced back to one convergent source. A number of explanations have been suggested, including:<ref>Nishimura, Y. (2018). The Evolution of Curved Beads (Magatama 勾玉/曲玉) in Jōmon Period Japan and the Development of Individual Ownership. Asian Perspectives 57(1), 105-158. University of Hawai'i Press. Retrieved October 18, 2018, from Project MUSE database.</ref>
- They may be fashioned after animal fangs/teeth
- They may be modeled after the shape of fetuses
- They may be symbolic of the shape of the soul
- They may be modeled after the shape of the moon
- That there is meaning and connotation attached to the shape of the Template:Transliteration itself (i.e. meaning comes from the form itself, and not that Template:Transliteration has been patterned after anything else)
In Japanese mythologyEdit
The Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration, completed in the 8th century, have numerous references to Template:Transliteration.<ref name="nipponika"/> They appear in the first chapter of the Template:Transliteration, which largely describes the mythology of Japan. Susanoo, god of the sea and storms, received five hundred Template:Transliteration from Tamanoya no mikoto, or Ame-no-Futodama-no-mikoto, the jewel-making deity.<ref name="gods">Template:Citation</ref> Susanoo went to heaven and presented them to his sister, the sun goddess Amaterasu, who bit off successive parts of the Template:Transliteration, and blew them away to create other deities.Template:R Tamanoya no mikoto remains the god of Template:Transliteration, glasses, and cameras. In the legend Amaterasu later shuts herself in a cave. Ama-no-Koyane-no-mikoto hung Template:Transliteration, among other objects, on a five hundred-branch Template:Transliteration tree, to successfully lure Amaterasu from the cave.<ref name="gods"/>Template:R In the year 58, in the reign of the Emperor Suinin, the Template:Transliteration records that a dog killed and disemboweled a Template:Transliteration (badger), and a Template:Transliteration was discovered in its stomach. This Template:Transliteration was presented to Suinin, who enshrined it at Isonokami Shrine, where it is said to presently reside.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> A similar practice is described again in the Template:Transliteration during the reign of the Emperor Chūai. Chūai made an inspection trip to the Tsukushi, or Kyūshū, and was presented with an enormous Template:Transliteration tree hung with Template:Transliteration as well as other sacred objects.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Yasakani no MagatamaEdit
A noted Template:Transliteration is the Template:Nihongo, one of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia-regalia">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Swords, mirrors, and jewels were common objects of status for regional rulers in Japan as early as the Yayoi period,<ref name="yomiuri-1"/> and were further widespread in the Kofun period, as shown by their ubiquitous presence in kofun tumuli.<ref name="yomiuri"/> The Template:Transliteration is stored at the Template:Nihongo, the central shrine of the Three Palace Sanctuaries at the Tokyo Imperial Palace, and is used in the enthronement ceremony of the Emperor of Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia-regalia"/>
Daniel Clarence Holtom stated in 1928 in Japanese enthronement ceremonies; with an account of the imperial regalia that the Template:Transliteration is the only one of the three regalia that is used in its original form for ceremonies, preferring the use of replicas for the sword and mirror due to its delicate fragility.<ref name="holtom-jewels"/>Template:Rp Replicas of the sword and mirror were made as early as the 9th century, and the originals were entrusted to other shrines.Template:Citation needed
Usage in Ryūkyūan religionEdit
D. C. Holtom stated that Template:Transliteration priestesses (Okinawan: Template:Transliteration) of the Ryukyu Kingdom wore Template:Transliteration necklaces early in the 20th century for ceremonial purposes, but provides no other details.<ref name="holtom-jewels"/>Template:Rp
In popular cultureEdit
In The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword and The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom, the Amber Relics, Dusk Relics, and Secret Stones are all based on the magatama.
In the Ace Attorney series, a magatama is frequently cited as the source of an ability that lets its wearer determine people's true intentions.
In Unconnected Marketeers, the 18th installment of Touhou Project, the character Misumaru Tamatsukuri is able to craft magatama. Aunn Komano, introduced in the 16th installment, Hidden Star in Four Seasons, has her ears designed in the shape of magatama. Keiki Haniyasushin from the 17th installment, Wily Beast and Weakest Creature wears a magatama necklace.
In Blue Eye Samurai, the main character Mizu wore a blue magatama on her katana.
In Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, the Kwagatama charms named after the magatama serve as a symbol of a bond between the kwami and their holder.
In Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne, magatamas appear in the form of parasitic, insect-like creatures that grant their human hosts special, demonic powers.
In Ghostwire: Tokyo, magatamas are made of jade and are used for upgrading Akito's abilities. They can be obtained through side missions (37), and street stalls (three).
In Ōkami and its spiritual successor Ōkamiden, one of the weapon options (rosaries) are based on Amaterasu's magatama.
In The Irregular at Magic High School, magatama are a class of magical Relics with the ability to store magic sequences.
In Blue Seed, magatama are used as vessels to contain mitama which bestow power to those implanted with them. The series' plot is based on the Izumo cycle from Japanese mythology.
In Sailor Moon, Sailor Uranus' Space Sword, Sailor Neptune's Deep Aqua Mirror, and Sailor Pluto's Garnet Orb are based on each item.
In the Japanese card game “Yu-Gi-Oh!”, “Hu-Li the Jewel Mikanko” is based on the “Yasakani no Magatama” - one of the “Three Imperial Regalia of Japan”.
In the anime and manga Toilet-Bound Hanako Kun the protagonist, Nene Yashiro, wears Magatama in her hair.
See alsoEdit
- Template:Transliteration – a similarly shaped jewel found in the Korean Peninsula.
- Lingling-o – similarly shaped jade, wood, or metal pendants from various ancient Austronesian cultures.
- Mamuta – an enemy from the Pikmin series of games aesthetically based on Template:Transliteration.
- Template:Nihongo – a wish-fulfilling jewel within both Hindu and Buddhist traditions, said by some to be the equivalent of the philosopher's stone in Western alchemy.Template:Citation needed Be that as it may, it is only one of several Mani Jewel images found in Buddhist scripture.
- Pig dragon or Template:Transliteration – zoomorphic stone artifacts produced in Neolithic China with a similar c- or comma-like shape.