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Michael A. Persinger (June 26, 1945 – August 14, 2018) was an American-Canadian professor of psychology at Laurentian University, a position he had held from 1971 until his death in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> His best-known hypotheses include the temporal lobes of the human brain as the central correlate for mystical experiences, subtle changes in geomagnetic activity as mediators of parapsychological phenomena, the tectonic strain within the Earth's crust as the source of luminous phenomena attributed to unidentified aerial objects, and the importance of specific quantifications for energy (10−20 Joules), photon flux density, and small shifts in magnetic field intensities for integrating cellular activity as well as human thought with universal phenomena.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":8">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Persinger's experimental work on paranormal experiences has received widespread media coverage<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="NationalPost" /><ref name="Wired" /><ref name="BBC" /> but has also been widely criticised.<ref name="Wiseman" /><ref name="AaenStockdale" /><ref name="Granqvist" /><ref name="Larsson" /><ref name="NatureNews" /> His major research themes have included electromagnetic field effects upon biological organisms, epilepsy, temporal lobe functions, properties of biophotons, geophysical-human interactions, physical cosmology, and the quantifiable examination of what Persinger terms "low-probability phenomena" such as time travel, parallel universes, and the universe as a simulation.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> He has published over 500 technical articles in scientific journals (many in predatory journals), more than a dozen chapters in various books, and seven of his own books.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His book with Ghislaine Lafreniere, entitled Space-Time Transients and Unusual Events (1977), documents the search for patterns in phenomena that are not compatible with current scientific paradigms.<ref name=":1" />
He argued that all phenomena including consciousness, spiritual experiences, and "paranormal events" can be explained by universal physical mechanisms and can be verified using the scientific method.<ref name=":0">Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Template:Fact Further, he has claimed that the structure and function of the brain determine the boundaries of human perception of the universe, and that shared quantitative values connect local phenomena with fundamental properties of the cosmos.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Persinger attended Carroll College from 1963 to 1964 and graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1967. He received his M.A. in physiological psychology from the University of Tennessee in 1969 and his Ph.D. from the University of Manitoba in 1971.<ref name=":2" />
Research and academic workEdit
Persinger's work focuses on the commonalities that exist between the sciences, and aims to integrate fundamental concepts of various branches of science.<ref name="SpaceTimeObs">Template:Cite journal</ref> He organized the Behavioral Neuroscience Program at Laurentian University in Sudbury, Ontario, integrating chemistry, biology, and psychology.<ref name=":0" /> Persinger has published hundreds of peer-reviewed academic journal articles.<ref name=":2" />
Clinical and experimental neuropsychologyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}Most of Persinger's published articles involved with consciousness have focused on the persistence of experiences reported by individuals who display complex partial epilepsy within the normal population of people who are creative, subject to frequent paranormal experiences, or who have sustained a mild impact of mechanical energy to the cerebrum.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> One of his notable experiments, spanning about three decades, involved a helmet ("the God Helmet"), whereby weak physiologically-patterned magnetic fields were applied across the temporal lobes of hundreds of volunteers. The research received wide media coverage<ref name=Telegraph>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=NationalPost>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Wired>Template:Cite magazine</ref> with high-profile visitors to Persinger's laboratory including Susan Blackmore and Richard Dawkins reporting positive<ref name=NatureNews>Template:Cite journal</ref> and negative<ref name=BBC>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> results respectively.
Experiences often associated with mystical reports such as out-of-body-experiences, intrusive thoughts, and the sensed presence were reported by hundreds of volunteers over decades of studying the phenomenon, which were not associated with the subjects' suggestibility.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Subsequent theory and quantitative electroencephalographic measurements supported the contention that the sensed presence of a "sentient being" could be a normal brain-based prototype for god experiences or related mystical phenomena and was actually the left hemispheric awareness of the right hemispheric equivalent to the left hemispheric sense of self.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Similar experiences were reported by people who had applied Todd Murphy's technology.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, other researchers either could not replicate or only partially replicated the experimental effects with variations of the helmet.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":5" /> In 2014, Tinoco and colleagues<ref name=":5" /> reported an independent replication of an experimental protocol which measured verbal behavior associated with field exposures using the helmet configuration.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In an earlier study by Richards and colleagues, semantic memory was similarly affected by applications of weak magnetic fields over the temporal lobes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Regarding Persinger's claims, the psychologist Richard Wiseman has written they have not been replicated and the "scientific jury is unconvinced".<ref name=Wiseman>Wiseman, Richard. (2011). "The Haunted Brain". Csicop.org. Retrieved 2014-10-11.</ref> The research has also been criticized by psychologist Craig Aaen-Stockdale, writing in The Psychologist.<ref name=AaenStockdale>Template:Cite journal</ref> Other researchers have criticized Persinger for insufficient double-blinding and argued that there was no physiologically plausible mechanism by which his device could affect the brain.<ref name="Granqvist">Template:Cite journal
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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and that many of his previous experiments were indeed carried out double-blind.<ref name="Persinger_second_rebuttal" /> Both claims are disputed.<ref name="Larsson">Template:Citation</ref>
Geophysical and human interaction researchEdit
One of Persinger's lifelong endeavors has been to establish a mechanism underlying geophysical-behavioral correlates using experimental simulations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:AnchorThe Tectonic Strain Theory (TST) developed by Persinger and John S. Derr predicted that luminous phenomena and associated physical effects were produced by manifestations of tectonic strain that often precede by weeks to months seismic events within the region.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite journal</ref> Persinger argues that the labeling of these manifestations such as unidentified flying objects (UFOs) has changed over the centuries and reflects the characteristics of the culture despite a common mechanism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The support for the theory was primarily correlational.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Persinger considered the temporal contiguity of reports of unidentified luminous phenomena preceding local seismicity due to injections of fluids a quasi-experimental support for the hypothesis.<ref name=":7" /> Alternative models, developed by Persinger and David Vares, were quantified for interaction between quantum values and specific magnitude earthquakes, global climate variations, interactions with population densities, discrete energies as mediators of disease, and processes by which human cognition could be covertly affected by Schumann Resonances and geomagnetic activity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Parapsychological researchEdit
Persinger has stated that he studies parapsychological phenomena because "the ultimate subject matter of science is the unknown".<ref name=":0" /> He believes that verifiable spontaneous and experimental types of parapsychological phenomena are physical and associated with non-local interactions between human brain activity and geophysical processes.<ref name=":8" /> For example, he claimed that the moderate strength correlation between geomagnetic activity at the time of a precognitive experience and what the geomagnetic activity would be two to three days before the event indicated that energetic antecedents before the event, not the event itself, was being discerned.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During the 1980s, Persinger stated that both experimental and spontaneous cases of "telepathy and clairvoyance ("remote viewing") were more likely when the global geomagnetic activity was lower than the days before or afterwards.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Measurement of the brain activity of "psychic" individuals such as Ingo Swann<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Sean Harribance<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> revealed unusual electrical brain patterns in the right hemisphere (parahippocampal region), increased photon emissions from the right cerebral hemisphere, and small decreases in the intensity of the geomagnetic field when the details of their experiences were most accurate.
Conduct controversy at Laurentian UniversityEdit
In 2016, Persinger was controversially removed as the instructor of a first-year psychology course. Laurentian's provost objected to Persinger's having asked students to sign a statement of understanding that vulgar language might be used in the class. The statement included examples such as "the F-word, homophobic slurs and offensive slang for genitalia".
One of my techniques is to expose people to all types of different words . . . silly words, complex words, emotional words, profane words. Because they influence how you make decisions and how you think.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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}}- CBC News, January 4, 2016</ref>
The Laurentian University Faculty Association filed a grievance against the school for violating Persinger's academic freedom. Current and former students also protested the administration's decision.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The grievance was heard on October 30, 2019, in Toronto, Ontario and on November 6, 2019, a decision was rendered by Arbitrator Kevin Burkett that Dr. Persinger was improperly removed from teaching PSYC 1105 EL in December 2015. As a result of Dr. Persinger's grievance, "In the future, Laurentian University is required to engage in a consultative process which shall include full consideration of the Collective Agreement principles including academic freedom, health and safety of the University Community, the rights, responsibilities and duties of academics and the right to a full and proper investigation".
DeathEdit
Persinger died on August 14, 2018, at the age of 73.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Books and select publicationsEdit
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