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}}Template:Main other Zinder (locally, Damagaram), formerly also spelled Sinder, is the third largest city in Niger, with a population of 235,605 as by the 2012 census.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is situated Template:Convert east of the capital Niamey and Template:Convert north of the Nigerian city of Kano.
HistoryEdit
Early historyEdit
Zinder was originally the site of the small Hausa village of Zengou.<ref name="Bradt">Geels, Jolijn, (2006) Bradt Travel Guide - Niger, pgs. 213-26</ref> The town grew dramatically in importance following the arrival of Kanuri aristocrats in 1736, who built a new fortified quarter called Birni to the south and declared the town of Zinder as the capital of the Sultanate of Damagaram in 1736.<ref name="Bradt"/> Thereafter Zinder became an important centre of the Trans-Saharan trade and a major hub for trade south through Kano and east to Bornu.<ref name=eb>"Template:Cite EB1911</ref> The sultanate remained nominally subject to the Borno Empire until the reign of Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane in the mid-to-late 19th century, who declared independence and initiated a phase of vigorous expansion.<ref name="Bradt"/>
Europeans began exploring the region in the 19th century, beginning with German explorer Heinrich Barth, who stayed in Zinder in 1851, and later the French explorer Marius Gabriel Cazemajou, who was killed in the city in 1897.<ref name="Bradt"/> It was then, after a brief resistance, occupied in July 1899 by Lt. Pallier of the Voulet-Chanoine mission. The French barracks was called Fort Cazemajou<ref name=eb/> and it served as the capital of the Niger Military Territory upon its creation in 1911. In 1926, following fears of Hausa revolts and improving relations with the Djerma of the west, the capital was transferred back to the village of Niamey.<ref name="Bradt"/>
Upon Niger's independence from France, the town's fort was renamed for Sultane Tanimoune.
Recent historyEdit
In 2003, telecommunications company Celtel arrived in Zinder, building a mobile phone tower and selling prepaid phone cards to residents. This arrival of the mobile phone drastically changed the predominant modes of communication in the city, allowing traders to have a faster and more affordable means of communicating with buyers and sellers. This is an example of how cellular towers in the developing world have begun to transform the market.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In September 2024, the Zinder Mosque, one of Niger's oldest mosques and a significant cultural and religious site in the city, collapsed due to intense rainfall.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GeographyEdit
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The centre of Zinder consists of three main areas: in the north is Zengou or Zango, the old Tuareg suburb,<ref name=eb/> is known for its vernacular architecture, and in the south lies Birni, the old Hausa town, which is home to Zinder Great Mosque, Fort Tanimoune and the Sultan's Palace, as well as a museum. Sabon Gari (the new town), lies between Birni and Zengou, and is the commercial centre, known for its large market (the Grand Marché). The city now sprawls to the north and west, extending to the Karkada section, in the north; other neighbourhoods include Garin Mallam and Gawon Kollia.
The city has many distinctive granite rocks which can result in standing water during the rainy season,Template:Clarify though the city has a long history of water shortages. Recently water was piped by a Chinese-owned company from the north to provide water to most of the city, however, this problem is likely to continue due to expected population growth.Template:Cn
The city is divided into 5 urban municipalities: Zinder I, Zinder II, Zinder III, Zinder IV and Zinder V.<ref>Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux. Includes list of 213 communes rurales and seats, 52 Communes urbaines and seats</ref>
DemographicsEdit
Template:Historical populations The population of Zinder City has quadrupled from around 50,000 inhabitants in 1977 to over 200,000 people in 2012.
TransportEdit
Zinder Airport (code: ZND) is located a few kilometres southwest of the town.<ref>Zinder (ZND) Niger: world-airport-codes.com</ref>
EconomyEdit
The economy of the city is still largely based on the agricultural activities of the surroundings. Today, the city counts four officially recognised industries: Tannerie Malam Yaro (leather tanning), Gidan Alkaki (cake production), Sahara Sahel Foods (processing of non-wood forest produce) and SORAZ (petrol refinery located 50km North of the city). The latter is Niger Republic's first oil refinery, and was commissioned in November 2011.<ref name=schritt-2018>Template:Cite journal</ref>
EducationEdit
- André-Salifou University (2010)
ClimateEdit
Zinder has a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh) bordering upon a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). Temperatures are hot to sweltering year round by day – only December and January in the middle of the dry season average below Template:Convert — whilst morning temperatures range from pleasant at the height of the dry season to uncomfortable in the months immediately preceding the first rains. The temperature rarely drops below Template:Convert or rises above Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is essentially no rainfall from October to May, and almost three-quarters of the total annual rainfall of Template:Convert occurs in July and August alone, accompanied by hot temperatures and much higher humidity than seen during the remainder of the year. Sunshine is extremely high year-round, being only marginally reduced during the wet season.
Notable residentsEdit
- Moussa Hamadou Djingarey (born 1973), film director
GalleryEdit
- Zinder centre ville.jpg
Zinder city center
- Marché Dolé.jpg
Dolé Market in Zinder
- Zinder Old Town Niger 2007.jpg
Traditional Hausa architecture in Zinder
- Université de Zinder.JPG
Zinder University
- Zinder DSC 4486 (6328130115).jpg
Many buildings in the town are decorated with traditional symbols
- Zinder DSC 4499 (6328132379).jpg
The Grand Mosque in Zinder
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- James Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ – London (1979) Template:ISBN
- Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850–1960. Cambridge University Press (1983) Template:ISBN
- Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006) Template:ISBN