Ribes

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Ribes (Template:IPAc-en)<ref>Template:OED</ref> is a genus of about 200 known species of flowering plants, most of them native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.Template:R The species may be known as various kinds of currants, such as redcurrants, blackcurrants, and whitecurrants, or as gooseberries, and some are cultivated for their edible fruit or as ornamental plants. Ribes is the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae.

DescriptionEdit

Ribes species are medium shrub-like plants<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> with marked diversity in flowers and fruit.Template:Sfn They have either palmately lobed or compound leaves, and some have thorns.<ref name=":0" /> The sepals of the flowers are larger than the petals, and fuse into a tube of saucer shape.<ref name=":0" /> The ovary is inferior, maturing into a berry with many seeds.<ref name=":0" />

TaxonomyEdit

Ribes is the single genus in the Saxifragales family Grossulariaceae. Although once included in the broader circumscription of Saxifragaceae sensu lato, it is now positioned as a sister group to Saxifragaceae sensu stricto.Template:Sfn

SubdivisionEdit

First treated on a worldwide basis in 1907,Template:Sfn the infrageneric classification has undergone many revisions,Template:Sfn and even in the era of molecular phylogenetics there has been contradictory evidence.Template:Sfn Although sometimes treated as two separate genera, Ribes and Grossularia (Berger 1924),Template:Sfn the consensus has been to consider it as a single genus, divided into a number of subgenera, the main ones of which are subgenus Ribes (currants) and subgenus Grossularia (gooseberries), further subdivided into sections.Template:Sfn Janczewski (1907) considered six subgenera and eleven sections.Template:Sfn Berger's twelve subgenera based on two distinct genera (see Template:Harvtxt Table 1) have subsequently been demoted to sections.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Weigend (2007) elevated a number of sections to produce a taxonomy of seven subgenera; Ribes (sections Ribes, Heretiera, Berisia) Coreosma, Calobotrya (sections Calobotrya, Cerophyllum), Symphocalyx, Grossularioides, Grossularia, Parilla.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Taxonomy, according to Berger, modified by Sinnott (1985):Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Subgenus Ribes L. (currants) 8 sections
- Section Berisia Spach (alpine currants)
- Section Calobotrya (Spach) Jancz. (ornamental currants)
- Section Coreosma (Spach) Jancz. (black currants)
- Section Grossularioides ( Jancz.) Rehd. (spiny or Gooseberry-stemmed currants)
- Section Heritiera Jancz. (dwarf or skunk currants)
- Section Parilla Jancz. (Andine or South American currants)
- Section Ribes L. (red currants)
- Section Symphocalyx Berland. (golden currants)
Subgenus Grossularia (Mill.) Pers. (Gooseberries) 4 sections
- Section Grossularia (Mill.) Nutt.
- Section Robsonia Berland.
- Section Hesperia A.Berger
- Section Lobbia A. Berger

Some authors continued to treat Hesperia and Lobbia as subgenera.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Early molecular studies suggested that subgenus Grossularia was actually embedded within subgenus Ribes.Template:Sfn Analysis of combined molecular datasets confirms subgenus Grossularia as a monophyletic group, with two main lineages, sect. Grossularia and another clade consisting of glabrous gooseberies, including Hesperia, Lobbia and Robsonia. Other monophyletic groups identified were Calobotrya, Parilla, Symphocalyx and Berisia. However, sections Ribes, Coreosma and Heritiera were not well supported. Consequently, there is insufficient resolution to justify further taxonomic revision.Template:Sfn

SpeciesEdit

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File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren.jpg

Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum)

File:Ribes rubrum a1.jpg

Redcurrant (Ribes rubrum)

File:Grossulariaceae Fuchsia flowered Gooseberry Ribes speciosum.jpg

Ribes speciosum (fuchsia-flowered gooseberry)

There are around 200 species of Ribes.Template:R Selected species include:

Distribution and habitatEdit

Ribes is widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere, and also extending south in the mountainous areas of South America.Template:Sfn Species can be found in meadows or near streams.<ref name=":0" />

EcologyEdit

Currants are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.

CultivationEdit

The genus Ribes includes the edible currants: blackcurrant, redcurrant, and white currant, as well as the European gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa, and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings, which are from the Zante currant, a small-fruited cultivar of the grape Vitis vinifera. Ribes gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.

The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance, R. sanguineum.

United StatesEdit

There are restrictions on growing some Ribes species in some U.S. states, as they are the main alternate host for white pine blister rust.

Restrictions on cultivation of *Ribes* in the United States:
State	Restrictions
ConnecticutTemplate:R	No longer restricted
DelawareTemplate:R	R. aureum and R. nigrum prohibited entirely. Shipment, transport, or propagation of all other Ribes species require a permit.
MaineTemplate:R	Planting or possession of R. nigrum prohibited statewide. All other Ribes species prohibited in certain counties and towns.
Maryland	No restrictions found; state agricultural extension service provides advice on currant and gooseberry culture.Template:R
MassachusettsTemplate:R	Transport of R. nigrum prohibited throughout the Commonwealth. Other species of Ribes require a permit, with the caveat that permits shall not issue for a list of municipalities that cover most of the Commonwealth.
Michigan	R. nigrum prohibited statewide.Template:R Other species of Ribes and Grossularia require a permit in the blister rust control area, which includes the entirety of the Upper Peninsula and the northern and western portions of the Lower Peninsula.Template:R
New HampshireTemplate:R	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New JerseyTemplate:R	Possession or transport of R. nigrum requires a permit statewide. Possession or movement of all Ribes and Grossularia species is prohibited in certain municipalities in Sussex, Passaic and Morris Counties. Grossularia and Ribes other than R. nigrum otherwise requires only compliance with general regulations on movement of nursery stock.
New YorkTemplate:R	All Ribes species are prohibited in nine counties of the Adirondack Mountains, and in many townships in the Adirondacks and Catskills. R. nigrum is prohibited throughout the state, except that cultivars known to be immune to Cronartium ribicola, the white pine blister rust, may be grown wherever other Ribes species are permitted.
North CarolinaTemplate:R	All Ribes species prohibited. The North Carolina Forest Service maintains an active eradication program for Ribes in the western part of the state.Template:R
OhioTemplate:R	Possession, transport, planting, propagation, sale or offering for sale of R. nigrum is prohibited. Cultivars known to be immune to Cronartium ribicola, the white pine blister rust, are exempt. The law does not prohibit other Ribes species.
Pennsylvania	PennState Extension states:Template:R "In 1933, Pennsylvania passed a law that limited growing gooseberries and currants in certain areas; however, the law is not enforced. Therefore, all Ribes can be grown in the state."
Rhode IslandTemplate:R	R. nigrum, R. aureum, and R. odoratum are prohibited throughout the state. Other Ribes species require permits to transport or plant and are forbidden in some municipalities, or within 900 feet of a stand of five-leaved pines one acre or more in extent or a nursery cultivating five-leaved pines.
Vermont	New England Small Fruit Management GuideTemplate:R asserts that there are "No regulations at present."
VirginiaTemplate:R	R. nigrum plants may not be moved to any destination in Virginia.
West VirginiaTemplate:R	R. nigrum plants may not be moved to any destination in West Virginia. Other Ribes species are prohibited in 23 counties.

UsesEdit

A number of species produce edible berries, some of which are categorized as currants and gooseberries.

Blackfoot people used blackcurrant root (Ribes hudsonianum) for the treatment of kidney diseases and menstrual and menopausal problems. The Cree used the fruit of Ribes glandulosum as a fertility enhancer to assist women in becoming pregnant.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

European immigrants who settled in North America in the 18th century typically made wine from both red and white currants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

Books and thesesEdit

ArticlesEdit

WebsitesEdit

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Entry on Ribes at Mark Rieger's UGa fruit crops site

External linksEdit

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