Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Automatic taxobox
Murex is a genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails. These are carnivorous marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, commonly called "murexes" or "rock snails".<ref name="WoRMS">Houart, R.; Gofas, S. (2010). Murex Linnaeus, 1758. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138196 on 2011-04-09</ref>
The common name murex is still used for many species in the family Muricidae which were originally given the Latin generic name Murex, but have more recently been regrouped into newer genera. Murex was used in antiquity to describe spiny sea snails, especially those associated with the production of purple dye. Murex is one of the oldest classical seashell names still used by the scientific community.
Aristotle described these mollusks in his History of Animals using the Greek term πορφύρα (porphyra).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The term murex originates from the Latin word mūrex, likely related to the Greek word μύαξ (myax), meaning sea mussel. The connection between these terms suggests a shared linguistic root, possibly linked to the Greek word μῦς (mys), meaning "mouse," due to the perceived resemblance between the shape of certain mollusks and mice.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Fossil recordsEdit
This genus is known in the fossil records from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary (age range: from 125.45 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world. There are about 25 known extinct species.<ref name=AA>Fossilworks</ref>
DistributionEdit
Murex is solely an Indo-Pacific genus, as demonstrated by Ponder & Vokes (1988). The species from the western Atlantic that were formerly considered to belong to the genus Murex are now placed in the genus Haustellum.Template:Citation needed
HabitatEdit
Most Murex species live in the intertidal or shallow subtidal zone, among rocks and corals.Template:Citation needed
Shell descriptionEdit
This genus includes many showy members, their elongate shells highly sculptured with spines or fronds. The inner surfaces of their ornate shells are often brightly colored.Template:Citation needed
Human useEdit
Costly and labor-intensive dyes Tyrian purple (or "royal purple") and tekhelet were historically made by the ancient Phoenicians, using mucus from the hypobranchial gland of two species commonly referred to as "murex", Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus, which are the older names for Bolinus brandaris and Hexaplex trunculus.<ref name="sukenik21">Template:Cite journal</ref> This dye is a rare animal-produced organobromine compound, which the snails make using a specific bromide peroxidase enzyme that operates on dissolved bromide in sea water.<ref>Jannun R., Nuwayhid N. and Coe E. (1981) Biological bromination – bromoperoxidase activity in the Murex sea-snail. FASEB. J. 40, 1774.</ref>
This dye was used in royal robes, other kinds of special ceremonial or ritual garments, or garments indicating high rank. It is hypothesised that the dye was the same dye as that which featured prominently in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, the clothing of the High Priest of Israel officiating there; it is sometimes still used by Jews today in the ritual fringes (tzitzit) on four-cornered garments.<ref>Tekhelet - Biblical Blue Dye for Tzitzit</ref> A consensus has yet to be reached regarding the Biblical source of the "blue" dye, though the latest archeological research on dyes in this region indicates that it was indeed the Murex trunculus snail that was used for the famous tekhelet ancient dye.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SpeciesEdit
The genus Murex, as originally defined by Linnaeus, encompassed many taxa that are now placed elsewhere in the superfamily Muricoidea. During the 19th century, the definition of Murex was restricted by Lamarck and his contemporaries first to species in the family Muricidae, and then was limited even further to the subfamilies Muricinae and Ocenebrinae. Malacologists of the 19th century including Kiener, Reeve, Küster & Kobelt and Sowerby treated all muricoid forms as belonging to Murex. This is the main reason why Murex has so many synonyms.
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) lists the following species with accepted names within the genus Murex. The subgenera are considered alternate representations.<ref>WoRMS : Murex 23 December 2010</ref> Template:Div col
- Murex acanthostephes Watson, 1883<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex aduncospinosus G.B. Sowerby II, 1841:<ref>^Houart, R. (2009). Murex aduncospinosus Sowerby, 1841. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215644 on 2010-08-06</ref>
- Murex africanus Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex altispira Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> Caltrop murex
- Murex antelmei Viader, 1938
- † Murex bonneti Cossmann, 1903
- Murex brevispina Lamarck, 1822 Short-spined murex
- † Murex camplytropis Tate, 1888
- Murex carbonnieri (Jousseaume, 1881)<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> Carbonnier's murex
- Murex concinnus Reeve, 1845<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex coppingeri E. A. Smith, 1884<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- † Murex crassiliratus Tate, 1888
- Murex djarianensis Martin, 1895
- Murex djarianensis poppei<ref>Houart, R. (2009). Murex djarianensis poppei Houart, 1979. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=404977 on 2010-08-06</ref> (synonym : Murex (Murex) poppei Houart, 1979)
- Murex echinodes Houart, 2011
- Murex falsitribulus Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex forskoehlio Röding, 1798<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- † Murex grooti H. M. Jenkins, 1864
- † Murex guppyi Ladd, 1977
- † Murex halli d'Archiac & Haime, 1854
- Murex huangi Houart, 2010
- Murex hystricosus Houart & Dharma, 2001<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex indicus Houart, 2011
- † Murex irregularis Tate, 1888
- Murex kerslakae Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- † Murex lyelli d'Archiac & Haime, 1854 (accepted > unreplaced junior homonym)
- Murex megapex Neubert, 1998<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- † Murex minutus R. M. Johnston, 1880
- † Murex nasongoensis Ladd, 1977
- † Murex noae Holten, 1802
- Murex occa G.B. Sowerby II, 1834<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> Harrowed murex
- † Murex paradoxicus H. M. Jenkins, 1864
- Murex pecten Lightfoot, 1786<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> ': Venus comb murex
- Murex philippinensis Parth, 1994<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex protocrassus Houart, 1990
- Murex queenslandicus Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- † Murex roemeri d'Archiac & Haime, 1854
- Murex salomonensis Parth, 1994<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex scolopax Dillwyn, 1817<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> False venus comb, woodcock murex
- Murex somalicus Parth, 1990<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex spectabilis Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex spicatus Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex spinastreptos Houart, 2010
- † Murex spinicosta Bronn, 1831
- Murex surinamensis Okutani, 1982<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex suttipraneeae Gra-tes, 2023
- † Murex tchihatcheffi d'Archiac & Haime, 1854
- Murex tenuirostrum Lamarck, 1822<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex ternispina Lamarck, 1822<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref>
- Murex trapa Roding, 1798<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> Rare-spined murex
- Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758, 1758:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> Caltrop murex
- Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> Troschel's murex
- Species mentioned as species in current use in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database (OBIS)
- Murex singaporensis A.Adams, 1853<ref>Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database : Murex (Murex) singaporensis</ref>
- Species brought into synonymy
- Murex aedonius Watson, 1896:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Coralliophila aedonia (Watson, 1885)
- Murex afer Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Afer afer (Gmelin, 1791)
- Murex alocatus: synonym of Pterymarchia barclayana (H. Adams, 1873)
- Murex antillarum : Antilles murex: synonym of Siratus articulatus (Reeve, 1845)
- Murex argo Clench & Farfante, 1945:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Chicoreus (Triplex) spectrum (Reeve, 1846)
- Murex belcheri Hinds, 1843 : synonym of Forreria belcheri (Hinds, 1843)
- Murex bellus Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vokesimurex bellus (Reeve, 1845)
- Murex blakeanus Vokes, 1967:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Vokesimurex blakeanus (Vokes, 1967)
- Murex brandaris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Bolinus brandaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Murex canaliculatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Busycotypus canaliculatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Murex capitellum Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Vasum capitellum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Murex corallinus Scacchi, 1836: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
- Murex corneus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Murex coronatus Born, 1778: synonym of Pseudovertagus aluco (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Murex edwardsii:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Ocinebrina edwardsii (Payraudeau, 1826)
- Murex garciai Petuch, 1987: synonym of Vokesimurex garciai (Petuch, 1987)
- Murex gubbi Reeve, 1849:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Chicocenebra gubbi (Reeve, 1849)
- Murex inconspicuus G.B. Sowerby II, 1841: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
- Murex intertextus Helbling, 1779:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Cumia reticulata
- Murex jickelii Tapparone Canefri, 1875: synonym of Naquetia jickelii (Tapparone Canefri, 1875)
- Murex lindajoycae Petuch, 1987: synonym of Vokesimurex lindajoycae (Petuch, 1987)
- Murex longicornis Dunker, 1864: synonym of Chicoreus longicornis (Dunker, 1864)
- Murex maroccensis Gmelin, 1791:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Fusinus maroccensis
- Murex monodon Sowerby, 1825:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cornucervi (Röding, 1798)
- Murex nassa Gmelin, 1791:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791)
- Murex nebula Montagu, 1803: synonym of Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803)
- Murex peritus Hinds, 1844a:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Favartia (Favartia) perita (Hinds, 1844)
- Murex pistacia Reeve, 1845: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
- Murex purpuroides Dunker:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Vaughtia purpuroides (Reeve, 1845)
- Murex recurvirostris:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Vokesimurex recurvirostrum (Broderip, 1833)
- Murex rota Sowerby:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Homalocantha anatomica (Perry, 1811)
- Murex rubidus:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Vokesimurex rubidus (F.C. Baker, 1897)
- Murex serratospinosus Dunker, 1883: synonym of Vokesimurex mindanaoensis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1841)
- Murex subaciculatus Locard, 1886: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
- Murex taxus Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Clavatula taxea (Röding, 1798)
- † Murex textilis Brocchi, 1814:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of † Rimosodaphnella textilis (Brocchi, 1814)
- Murex triqueter:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Naquetia triqueter (Born, 1778)
- Murex tulipa Linnaeus, 1758:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Fasciolaria tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Murex turbinellus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Murex vittatus Broderip, 1833:<ref>Template:WRMS species</ref> synonym of Favartia (Favartia) vittata (Broderip, 1833)
ReferencesEdit
- Merle, D., Garrigues, B. & Pointier, J.-P. 2011. Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the World, Part Muricinae. 648 pp., 182 colour plates, Hackenheim. Template:ISBN.
- Ponder, W.F. & E.H. Vokes. 1988. A revision of the Indo-West Pacific fossil and Recent species of Murex s.s. and Haustellum (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 8. 160 pp.