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}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Wilbert Ross Thatcher, Template:Post-nominals (May 24, 1917 – July 22, 1971) was a Canadian politician who served as the ninth premier of Saskatchewan from 1964 to 1971. Thatcher began his career as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1942, elected first to Moose Jaw City Council and then in 1945 as a Member of Parliament representing Moose Jaw. In 1959, Thatcher made the switch both to Saskatchewan provincial politics and to the provincial Liberal Party, which he led through four provincial elections, winning majority governments in 1964 and 1967. Following his defeat in the 1971 provincial election, Thatcher retired from politics and died shortly afterwards.
Early life and careerEdit
Born in Neville, Saskatchewan, Thatcher was a Moose Jaw-based businessman, who developed an interest in politics shortly after the birth of his son, Colin Thatcher.<ref name="obit">Template:Cite news</ref> Thatcher's father had built a chain of hardware stores across the province, which Thatcher helped to manage.<ref name="esask">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Thatcher graduated from high school at age fifteen, and attended Queen's University, in Kingston, Ontario, where he earned a commerce degree at age eighteen.<ref name=esask/> Immediately following graduation, Thatcher became executive assistant to the vice-president of Canada Packers in Toronto, but returned to Saskatchewan to run the family business after his father had become ill in the late 1930s.<ref name="esask" /> By this time, the family business included outlets in Regina and Saskatoon as well as the original Moose Jaw store. Thatcher employed his siblings to assist him.<ref name="Deny">Garrett Wilson and Lesley Wilson, Deny, Deny, Deny: The Rise and Fall of Colin Thatcher (Toronto: Lorimer, 1985).</ref>
In the late 1950s, Thatcher transitioned away from hardware and into farming and cattle ranching in the Moose Jaw area. He employed his son Colin as a full-time manager of his agricultural businesses, starting in 1962.<ref name="Deny" />
Political careerEdit
CCF and Member of Parliament (1942–57)Edit
Thatcher's politics were heavily influenced by the Great Depression, after which he believed that private business alone could not stimulate economic development on the prairies. Thatcher consequently joined the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and was elected to Moose Jaw City Council on a labour-reform slate in 1942. In the 1945 Canadian federal election, Thatcher was elected to Parliament representing Moose Jaw.<ref name=esask/>
Thatcher grew increasingly uncomfortable in the CCF. Despite the party itself moderating its socialist foundations and embracing a mixed-economy model, Thatcher consistently found himself on the pro-business right wing of the party caucus.<ref name=esask/> He gradually shifted away from the party, and became known for publicly breaking ranks with the CCF on policy issues.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1955, Thatcher finally left the CCF over the issue of corporate taxation.<ref name="esask" /> When he left the caucus, Thatcher pronounced that he was "opposed to Socialism and all it stands for".<ref name="obit" /> He sat as an Independent MP for the rest of the term, before running unsuccessfully for the federal Liberal Party in the 1957 and 1958 elections; he lost both times to the CCF's Hazen Argue.<ref name=esask/>
Mossbank debate and provincial politics (1957–64)Edit
During the 1957 federal campaign, Thatcher attacked the Saskatchewan CCF government's affinity for crown corporations, describing them as a dismal failure.<ref name="ce">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In response, Saskatchewan Premier Tommy Douglas challenged Thatcher to a debate, which ultimately took place in the town of Mossbank and was broadcast by television and radio across the province.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The debate was widely regarded as a draw. However, the Liberals were buoyed by Thatcher holding his own against Douglas, who was renowned for his oratory. The debate established Thatcher as the province's principal CCF antagonist and free enterprise standard-bearer, and gave Liberals hope that they might challenge for government against the popular CCF.<ref name="ce" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After his defeats at the federal level, Thatcher was courted by the Saskatchewan Liberal Party and became its leader in 1959, defeating three rivals—Wilf Gardiner, Frank Foley, and Alex Cameron—in a contested leadership election.<ref name="ce" /> While some in the party resented Thatcher's quick ascension to the leadership over long-time Liberals, his victory also created excitement among the party ranks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Thatcher led the party into the 1960 provincial election, which was fought principally over the issue of Medicare, with the CCF planning to implement the first universal healthcare plan in Canada.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Liberals campaigned against Medicare, finding that they could not make a significant dent in the Saskatchewan CCF's large majority.<ref name="esask" /> Thatcher himself was elected to the Legislative Assembly from the rural southern riding of Morse.
The Liberals had gained momentum, however, and the anti-CCF opposition coalesced around them. This was particularly evident during the 1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike, which attempted to derail the implementation of Medicare and hurt the CCF's popularity.<ref name=":0" /> In addition, Douglas, premier since 1944, stepped down in November 1961 after he was elected leader of the nascent federal New Democratic Party. The Liberals won a string of by-elections over the following three years in the lead up to the next general election.<ref>"The Life and Political Times of Tommy Douglas", by Walter Stewart, 2003</ref>
Premier of Saskatchewan (1964–71)Edit
Ahead of the 1964 provincial election, the Liberals campaigned on growing economic development in the province; Thatcher also wooed Progressive Conservative voters and worked to limit competition between free-enterprise candidates.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Thatcher's Liberals went on to win a narrow victory that ended 20 years of CCF-NDP government.<ref name=esask/><ref name=ccf>The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation became the New Democratic Party of Canada in 1961. The Saskatchewan CCF used CCF-NDP as a transitional name before it became the Saskatchewan NDP in 1967</ref> The popular vote was a virtual tie between the Liberals and the CCF; however, the distribution of the Liberals' votes and a sharp decline in Social Credit support allowed the Liberals to win a six-seat majority, making Thatcher the province's sixth Liberal premier and ninth overall.
Thatcher's government sold several crown corporations and declared the province "open for business" by encouraging private investment in the potash and other industries.<ref name=esask/> His approach to potash led to a rapid expansion of the industry in the latter half of the 1960s—the industry grew so rapidly that Thatcher eventually opted to negotiate a minimum price and production cap with American producers to avoid prices collapsing from oversupply.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Thatcher was known to boast that potash would become for Saskatchewan what oil was for neighbouring Alberta.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On economic issues, Thatcher's government was classically liberal, and was well to the right of the federal Liberals. Thatcher often clashed with the federal Liberal governments of Lester Pearson and Pierre Trudeau over agricultural policy, social welfare policies—which the federal party supported and Thatcher opposed—and constitutional reform, as well as the federal Liberals' attempts to form a federal political organization in the province separate from the provincial party.<ref name="esask" /><ref name="ce" />
Thatcher also focused on downsizing the province's robust civil service.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During Thatcher's tenure, veteran Saskatchewan civil servants were known to move to other provinces or to the federal civil service—which at the time was expanding the federal welfare state—and these migrants became known in government circles as the "Saskatchewan Mafia".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Thatcher himself became renowned for being a "ruthless" leader that "ruled the Liberal caucus with an iron fist" and ran what came to be seen as a "one-man government".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Thatcher's Liberals were re-elected with a slightly-increased majority in a snap election called in 1967. Thatcher then surprised observers by introducing an austerity program, which cut government services, increased taxes, and introduced medicare user fees. The provincial economy, which was still heavily resource-based, experienced a downturn, and reduced government investment hurt both the potash and agriculture industries, while oil and uranium production dropped as well.<ref name=":1" /> Thatcher's administration became increasingly unpopular as a result.<ref name=esask/> Thatcher pitched the next election, which took place in June 1971, as a stark choice between capitalism and socialism, promising for his part to continue running government like a business.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For their part, the NDP campaigned on increasing public ownership of resources and state-led development.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Although the Liberal vote share remained steady, they were defeated by Allan Blakeney's NDP, who were helped by an increased voter turnout and the collapse of the Progressive Conservative vote.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> David Steuart, Thatcher's top cabinet minister who would succeed him as Liberal leader later that year, quipped after the loss that, "If there was someone or some group that we hadn't alienated by the election of 1971, it was because we hadn't met them yet."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the aftermath of the election, Thatcher announced to the party that he intended to resign as Liberal leader, placing a one-year limit on the search for a successor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
DeathEdit
In July 1971, only weeks after his election defeat, Thatcher died at his home in Regina, apparently as a result of complications from diabetes and a heart condition.<ref name = obit/> His death shocked the Saskatchewan public, and JoAnn Thatcher, then-wife of the former premier's son Colin Thatcher, later claimed she suspected the death was a suicide. However, it was an open secret that Thatcher had largely refused to deal with his diabetes. A former aide told reporters that Thatcher's health had been so run down that his death from natural causes surprised few insiders.Template:Citation needed
FamilyEdit
Thatcher's widow, Peggie Thatcher, was persuaded to run for the federal Liberals in the 1972 federal election, but came third in the Regina East riding.<ref>History of Federal Ridings, Regina East, accessed March 16, 2008</ref>
Colin ThatcherEdit
In the 1975 provincial election, Colin Thatcher was elected in Thunder Creek, a new constituency that contained parts of the riding that his father had represented. Although he was first elected as a Liberal, he later crossed the floor to the Progressive Conservatives before joining government after the PCs won the 1982 provincial election. Thatcher resigned in January 1983 following a brief stint as a cabinet minister in the PC government; his ex-wife JoAnn Wilson was found murdered days later, and in 1984 Thatcher was charged with murder for her death. He was convicted of first degree murder by the jury in the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench and sentenced to life in prison for 25 years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His appeals to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Canada were dismissed.<ref>R v Thatcher, [1987] 1 SCR 652.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Electoral historyEdit
Thatcher ranks eighth out of the fifteen Saskatchewan premiers for time in office at Template:Age in years and days.<ref name = list>Saskatchewan Archives: List of Saskatchewan Premiers.</ref> He was the sixth and last Liberal premier of the province. Thatcher led the Liberal Party in four provincial elections, in 1960, 1964, 1967 and 1971;<ref name="SK-elections">Saskatchewan Archives: Election Results by Electoral Division.</ref> he was defeated in his first election in 1960—he was Leader of the Opposition from 1960 to 1964<ref>Leaders of the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly.</ref>—but won the next two elections in 1964 and 1967 with majority governments. Following his defeat in the general election of 1971, he was succeeded as Premier by Allan Blakeney, leader of the New Democratic Party (NDP).
Provincial electionsEdit
| Year | Party | Votes | Seats | Position | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | Template:Tooltip | Total | ± | |||||
| 1960 | rowspan="5" style="background-color:Template:Canadian party colour;"| | Liberal | 221,932 | 32.7% | +21.4% | Template:Composition bar compact | +3 | Template:No2 | |
| 1964 | 269,402 | 40.4% | +7.7% | Template:Composition bar compact | +15 | Template:Yes2 | |||
| 1967 | 193,871 | 45.6% | +5.2% | Template:Composition bar compact | +3 | Template:Yes2 | |||
| 1971 | 193,864 | 42.8% | −2.8% | Template:Composition bar compact | −20 | Template:No2 | |||
Constituency elections
E Elected
X Incumbent
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E X Ross Thatcher | 3,502 | 55.72% | ||
| New Democratic Party | Paul Warren Beach | 2,783 | 44.28% | |
| Total | 6,285 | 100.00% | ||
| Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Morse<ref name=SK-elections/> | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E X Ross Thatcher | 3,396 | 52.34% | ||
| New Democratic Party | Louis H. Lewry | 2,398 | 36.96% | |
| Earl Cooper | 694 | 10.70% | ||
| Total | 6,488 | 100.00% | ||
| Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Morse<ref name=SK-elections/> | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E X Ross Thatcher | 3,188 | 51.92% | ||
| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | Paul Warren Beach | 2,952 | 48.08% | |
| Total | 6,140 | 100.00% | ||
| Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Morse<ref name=SK-elections/> | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E Ross Thatcher | 2,791 | 42.29% | ||
| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | Robert Davis | 2,629 | 39.83% | |
| Peter Harder | 657 | 9.95% | ||
| George Gurney | 523 | 7.92% | ||
| Total | 6,600 | 99.99%1 | ||
| Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division - Morse<ref name=SK-elections/> | ||||
1 Rounding error
Federal electionsEdit
Thatcher stood for election to the House of Common five times, in three different Saskatchewan ridings. He was elected three times and defeated twice. He first stood for election as a member of the CCF, and was elected three times, in 1945, 1949, and 1953. Part way through his third term as a Member of Parliament, he left the CCF and sat as an independent, from 1955 to 1957. He then ran as a Liberal in the general elections of 1957 and 1958, but was defeated both times.<ref name="LoP-Thatcher">Library of Parliament - Parlinfo: The Hon. Wilbert Ross Thatcher, PC, MP</ref>
E Elected
X Incumbent
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | E X Hazen Robert Argue | 9,104 | 42.08% | |
| W.J. Ferguson | 6,360 | 29.39% | ||
| Ross Thatcher | 6,173 | 28.53% | ||
| Total | 21,637 | 100.00% | ||
| Source: Library of Parliament — Assiniboia<ref name=LoP-Thatcher/> | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | E X Hazen Robert Argue | 10,389 | 47.04% | |
| Ross Thatcher | 8,862 | 40.13% | ||
| W.J. Ferguson | 1,931 | 8.74% | ||
| Anthony Batza | 903 | 4.09% | ||
| Total | 22,085 | 100.00% | ||
| Source: Library of Parliament — Assiniboia<ref name=LoP-Thatcher/> | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation1 | E Ross Thatcher | 12,436 | 52.41% | |
| James Lawrence Gemmell | 6,021 | 25.37% | ||
| James Ernest Pascoe | 4,480 | 18.88% | ||
| Frederick Nelson Clarke | 792 | 3.34% | ||
| Total | 23,729 | 100.0% | ||
| Source: Library of Parliament – Moose Jaw—Lake Centre<ref name=LoP-Thatcher/> | ||||
1 Elected as a member of the CCF, but left the CFF caucus in 1955 and sat as an independent for the rest of the term.
Template:Canadian party colourTemplate:Canadian party colourTemplate:Canadian party colour| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | E X Ross Thatcher | 10,026 | 48.17% | |
| Edward Langdon Pudden | 7,444 | 35.76% | ||
| Leila Elsie Smiley | 3,344 | 16.07% | ||
| Total | 20,814 | 100.00% | ||
| Source: Library of Parliament – Moose Jaw<ref name=LoP-Thatcher/> | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Popular Vote | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | E Ross Thatcher | 9,831 | 49.03% | |
| X John Gordon Ross | 5,862 | 29.24% | ||
| Frederick James Gilmour | 4,358 | 21.73% | ||
| Total | 20,051 | 100.00% | ||
| Source: Library of Parliament – Moose Jaw<ref name=LoP-Thatcher/> | ||||
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Template:SKPremiers Template:Saskatchewan Liberal Party leaders