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An adjustable spanner (UK and most other Anglophone countries), also called a shifting spanner (Australia and New Zealand)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or adjustable wrench (US and Canada),Template:Efn is any of various styles of spanner (wrench) with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Forms and namesEdit
There are many forms of adjustable spanners; many of them are screw-adjusted, whereas others use levers, and some early ones used wedges. The early taper-locking spanners needed a hammer to set the movable jaw to the size of the nut. The modern screw-adjusted spanner and lever types are easily and quickly adjusted. Some adjustable spanners automatically adjust to the size of the nut, using a motor and battery. Simpler models use a serrated edge to lock the movable jaw to size, while more sophisticated versions are digital types that use sheets or feelers to set the size.
Geesin (2015)<ref name="Geesin-2015">Template:Citation</ref> shows that wrenches with screw adjustment of various kinds were well known in the early 19th century and that one by William Barlow in 1808 was prescient.<ref name="Geesin-2015"/> By the 1830s, many designs with a central screw and a lower jaw moved by a nut were well known.<ref name="Geesin-2015"/> Geesin<ref name="Geesin-2015"/> and others<ref name="murray1845">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="LloydMitchinson2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="DayMcNeil2002">Template:Cite book</ref> document that English engineers Richard Clyburn and Edwin Beard Budding presented some influential new designs in 1842 and 1843. The one by Clyburn had the form of thumbwheel screw with worm-on-rack arrangement that would later be the most famous via subsequent adaptations. Improvements followed. In 1885 Enoch Harris received US patent 326868<ref>{{#if:326868
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|{{US patent|123456|link text}}}}</ref> for his spanner that permitted both the jaw width and the angle of the handles to be adjusted and locked.
One of the most widely known forms of adjustable wrench in the 21st century is an improved version of the Clyburn type; it was developed in 1891–1892. The Swedish company Bahco attributes its invention to Johan Petter Johansson,<ref name=BAHCO>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="bahco"/> who in 1892 received a Swedish patent for it.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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}}</ref><ref name="Bergh2014">Template:Cite book</ref> In Canada and the United States, this type is often known as a Crescent wrench owing to widespread genericization of the brand name<ref name="gc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref> of the company that held the original 1915 U.S. patent for this type ({{#if:1133236A
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|{{US patent|123456|link text}}}}), the Crescent Tool Company. (The Crescent brand is now owned by the Apex Tool Group). As Geesin 2015 documents,<ref name="Geesin-2015"/> the worm-on-rack type (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) was invented in Britain,<ref name="Geesin-2015"/> and later popularized in Scandinavia via the Bahco/Johansson improvement, before its manufacture in the United States was patented. The Bahco/Johansson/Crescent category (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) became so dominant in the 20th century that in North America, the very term adjustable wrench usually elicits the meaning of this type in general usage today, unless another type is specified. In Australia it is sometimes referred to as a "shifting spanner" or its abbreviated form of "shifter".<ref name="shifter" />
Monkey wrenches are another type of adjustable spanner with a long history; the origin of the name is not entirely clear, but Geesin reports that it originated in Britain with a fancied resemblance of the wrench's jaws to that of a monkey's face, and that the many convoluted folk etymologies that later developed were baseless.<ref name="Geesin-2015"/> Before the Bahco/Johansson/Crescent type became widespread in the United States, during the industrial era of the 1860s to the 1910s, various monkey wrench types were the dominant form of adjustable wrench there.
Another popular type of adjustable spanner has a base and jaws that form four sides of a hexagon, and is therefore particularly suited for hexagonal nuts ("hex nuts") and hexagonal headed ("hex head") cap screws and bolts.
In some parts of Europe, adjustable spanners are often called a Bahco,<ref name="bahco">Swedish Bahco leaflet about the development history of adjustable spanners (including photos) Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="gc2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> owing to genericization of the name of the Bahco/Johansson type. In Denmark, this type of spanner is commonly referred to as a "svensknøgle", which basically translates to Swedish key. The Swedes themselves call the key "skiftnyckel", which is translated into adjustable key (shifting key).<ref>Basic Swedish: A Grammar and Workbook Template:ISBN p. 177</ref> In Australia, adjustable spanners are also referred to as "shifters". In Spain, this kind of spanner is commonly called "llave inglesa", which means literally English key. Remarking the difference with the pipe wrench, also adjustable, in Spain this one is called "grifa", and it does not have any accurate translation.<ref name="shifter">Template:Cite CD.com</ref>
Design and useEdit
The fixed jaw can withstand bending stress far better than can the movable jaw, because the latter is supported only by the flat surfaces on either side of the guide slot, not the full thickness of the tool. The tool is therefore usually angled so that the movable jaw's area of contact is closer to the body of the tool, which means less bending stress. Still, one should avoid applying excessive force on tight bolts, since doing so can pry open the mounting of the movable jaw causing the wrench to no longer be able to be snugged to bolt heads, loosen too easily, or mar bolt heads. In some cases the jaws of the tool can break.
GalleryEdit
- Adjustable wrench.svg
A CAD drawing of a Johansson type, called a Swedish key in some times and places
- Klucz francuski.JPG
A type called a French key in some times and places
- Tweedy and Popp - hand-forged adjustable wrench.jpg
A hand-forged monkey wrench from the early 1900s, called an English key in some times and places
- Adjustable wrench keyway.jpg
The keyway of an adjustable wrench
- Chrome Vanadium Adjustable Wrench.jpg
Chrome vanadium adjustable wrench
- Cresent brand 8-inch adjustable wrench.jpg
Adjustable wrench for hexagonal ("hex") fasteners
- Knipex Pliers Wrench type 86.jpg
Contemporary pliers wrench with high mechanical advantage parallel-gripping jaws.
- Adjustable-wrenches-box-style-4.png
A pair of adjustable wrenches of a box-end style.
- Monkey and Stillson wrenches.png
Monkey wrench (left) compared to Stillson or pipe wrench (right)
See alsoEdit
- Types:
- Relevant companies and brands, past and present:
- Other tools with movable jaws, but serrated:
- Locking pliers
- Pipe wrench (including Stillson type)
- Plumber wrench
- Tongue-and-groove pliers