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Ahal Region (Template:Langx; from Template:Langx, also Template:Langx) is one of five provinces of Turkmenistan. It is in the south-center of the country, bordering Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag Range. Its area is Template:Convert and population 886,845 (2022 census).<ref name=yb2005>Statistical Yearbook of Turkmenistan 2000–2004, National Institute of State Statistics and Information of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, 2005.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
OverviewEdit
In 2000, Ahal Region accounted for 14% of Turkmenistan's population, 11% of the total number of employed, 23% of agricultural production (by value), and 31% of the country's total industrial production.<ref>Social-economic situation of Turkmenistan in 2000, National Institute of State Statistics and Information of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, 2001, pp. 129-130 Template:In lang.</ref>
Ahal's agriculture is irrigated by the Karakum Canal, which stretches all the way across the province from east to west, tracking Turkmenistan's southern border. Another water source is the Tejen River, which flows north from Afghanistan in the southeast corner of the province, passing through two large reservoirs south of the city of Tejen.
Ahal is known for the Battle of Geok Tepe of 1881, today the site of the imposing Saparmurat Hajji Mosque, and for the Bäherden underground warm lake (in the Kov Ata karst cave),<ref>Baharden warm lake Template:Webarchive in Kov Ata cave.</ref><ref>Turkmenistan: an official guide Template:Webarchive (downloadable Word file).</ref> both west of Ashgabat.
The administrative centre of Ahal Province is Arkadag, a $1.5 billion mostly greenfield development just west of the city limit of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan's capital city.<ref name=decree20221220>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=NT>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=ZV>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=hronika>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=rfe20221225>Template:Cite news</ref> The city was named in honor of former president Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, whose official nickname is Arkadag.<ref name=decree20221220 /><ref name=begench>Template:Cite news</ref> The capital until 20 December 2022 was Änew (or Anau), a city on the south-eastern outskirts of Ashgabat. One other notable city is Tejen in the south-east near the border with Mary Province. Turkmenistan's largest city, Ashgabat, is surrounded by Ahal Province, but as the national capital it enjoys status equal to that of a province and is outside Ahal Province's jurisdiction.
HistoryEdit
From antiquity through the early 1800s, the area was populated by Persian-speaking peoples. Nisa, since 2013 located within the city limits of Ashgabat, was likely founded in the third century BCE and was the first capital of the Parthian Empire. The area just north of the Kopet Dag mountains forms an oasis due to runoff from the mountains and was thus part of the Silk Road caravan route from roughly 2000 BCE until around 1500 CE.
Turkmen periodEdit
British Lieutenant Colonel H.C. Stuart reported in 1881 that the Ahal branch of the Teke tribe of the Turkmen ethnic group arrived in the area around 1830 and established several semi-nomadic villages (auls) between what is now the city of Gyzylarbat and village of Gäwers, inclusive.<ref name=stuart>Template:Cite book, Chapter 11, Stuart, Lt. Col. H.C., The Country of the Tekke Turkomans, and the Tejend and Murghab Rivers, lecture delivered in 1881.</ref> The Ahal area was formally part of Persia but de facto autonomous under Turkoman tribal control until Russian forces defeated the Teke army at the Battle of Geok Tepe in January 1881.
Soviet periodEdit
Originally named Ashgabat oblasty in Turkmen (Template:Langx, Cyrillic Turkmen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), the future Ahal Province was initially formed on 21 November 1939, abolished on 25 May 1959, and reconstituted on 27 December 1973.<ref name=encyclopedia>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1977 Ashgabat oblasty was awarded the Order of Lenin.<ref name=encyclopedia />
Independent TurkmenistanEdit
On 14 December 1992, the People's Council (Template:Langx) adopted Law No. 783-ХП, "On the Order of Deciding Issues of Administrative-Territorial Structure of Turkmenistan", and Resolution XM-6.<ref name=HM6>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These statutes changed the Russian word oblast' (область), rendered in Turkmen Cyrillic as област, to the Persian loan word welaýat in reference to provinces. The resolution renamed Ashgabat oblasty (Template:Langx, Turkmen Сyrillic: Ашгабат областы) to Ahal welaýaty.<ref name=osm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Anau was designated the capital of Ahal. The capital was moved to the new city of Arkadag on 20 December 2022.<ref name=decree20221220 />
EtymologyEdit
Ataniyazov wrote,
The meaning of the name is not clear. Khiva historians Munis and Agahi write that the name means "drainage ditch" and it was so named because the Ahal lands were swampy and suitable for rice cultivation (MITT, II, p. 359)...Vambery, on the other hand, writes that the word is derived from the word ak [white] and the addition of -al (Vambery, p. 264).<ref name=topo>Template:Cite book</ref>
DemographicEdit
Table of National composition of the population of Ahal region (2022)Edit
Table: <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Ethnicity | Total | Urban | Rural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | |
| Turkmens | 874,431 | 98.60% | 303,698 | 96.78% | 570,733 | 99.60% |
| Persians | 5,479 | 0.62% | 4,981 | 1.59% | 498 | 0.09% |
| Russians | 2,154 | 0.24% | 1,863 | 0.59% | 291 | 0.05% |
| Uzbeks | 1,774 | 0.20% | 1,465 | 0.47% | 309 | 0.06% |
| Azerbaijanis | 1,135 | 0.13% | 777 | 0.25% | 358 | 0.06% |
| Balochi | 923 | 0.10% | 326 | 0.10% | 597 | 0.10% |
| Tatars | 181 | 0.02% | 121 | 0.04% | 60 | 0.01% |
| Kazakhs | 148 | 0.02% | 131 | 0.04% | 17 | 0.00% |
| Armenians | 143 | 0.02% | 123 | 0.04% | 20 | 0.01% |
| Kurds | 113 | 0.01% | 100 | 0.03% | 13 | 0.00% |
| Afghans | 107 | 0.01% | 23 | 0.01% | 84 | 0.01% |
| Ukrainians | 50 | 0.01% | 41 | 0.01% | 9 | 0.00% |
| Lezgins | 24 | 0.00% | 16 | 0.01% | 8 | 0.00% |
| Karakalpaks | 13 | 0.00% | 7 | 0.00% | 6 | 0.00% |
| Koreans | 4 | 0.00% | 2 | 0.00% | 2 | 0.00% |
| other nationalities | 166 | 0.02% | 111 | 0.04% | 55 | 0.01% |
| total | 886,845 | 100% | 313,785 | 100% | 573,060 | 100% |
Administrative subdivisionsEdit
DistrictsEdit
Effective January 5, 2018, Ahal Province (Ahal welaýaty) is subdivided into 7 districts (etrap, plural etraplar):<ref name=hakynda>Template:Cite book This document is reproduced online at https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Districts_in_Turkmenistan.</ref><ref name=jan2018>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=terr>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Ak bugdaý (formerly Gäwers)
- Babadaýhan (formerly Kirov)
- Bäherden (formerly Baharly)
- Gökdepe
- Kaka
- Sarahs
- Tejen
MunicipalitiesEdit
As of 9 November 2022, the province included 9 cities (города or şäherler), 9 towns (посёлки or şäherçeler), 82 rural or village councils (сельские советы or geňeşlikler), and 231 villages (села, сельские населенные пункты or obalar).<ref name=terr /><ref name=decree20221110>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Altyn Asyr
- Änew
- Arkadag (provincial capital)
- Babadaýhan
- Bäherden
- Gökdepe
- Kaka
- Murche, abandoned village<ref name=":0522">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Sarahs
- Tejen
As of May 2013 Ruhabat District and the city of Abadan (today called Büzmeýin), until then in Ahal Province, were incorporated into the city of Ashgabat and abolished as separate municipalities. In January 2018, the Babadaýhan District of Ahal Province was re-established, and the Kaka, Tejen, Sarahs Districts were reaffirmed. Baharly's former name, Bäherden, was restored in the same decree, and the Altyn Asyr District was abolished.
On 9 November 2022 the new city of Arkadag was formally incorporated as the new capital city of Ahal and was accorded district status.<ref name=decree20221110 />
EconomyEdit
AgricultureEdit
Ahal produces wheat and cotton. Cotton grown in Ahal is ginned at mills in Akdepe, Gökdepe, Kaka, and Tejen, and spun into cotton yarn at mills in Ashgabat, Gökdepe, and Kaka. Textile complexes are found in Ashgabat, Akdepe (Bäherden), Gökdepe, and Kaka.<ref name=dokma>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cotton seed is crushed for extraction of oil and meal at the Ahal Vegetable Oil Enterprise plant near Ovadandepe.<ref name=vegoil>Template:Cite news</ref> It was opened on 17 May 2010 with a design capacity to process 96,000 tons of cotton seed per year, with daily production of 50 tons of cottonseed oil, 10 tons of margarine, 140 tons of cottonseed meal and 70 tons of soybean hulls.<ref name=oilmeal>Template:Cite news</ref>
| Ahal Province: area and production of selected crops, 2017-2019<ref name=stat2020>Template:Cite book</ref> | ||||||
| area, thousand hectares | production, thousand tonnes | |||||
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| Cereals and legumes | 240.8 | 216.0 | 219.6 | 491.1 | 345.4 | 504.6 |
| Cotton | 120.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 | 246.7 | 232.1 | 222.5 |
| Vegetables | 7.6 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 227.4 | 223.1 | 233.5 |
IndustryEdit
On June 28, 2019, a $1.7 billion factory for producing gasoline out of natural gas was commissioned in Ovadandepe, Gökdepe District. Built by Rönesans and Kawasaki using technology from Haldor Topsoe, the factory has a design capacity of 600,000 tonnes of gasoline, 12,000 tonnes of Diesel fuel, and 115,000 tonnes of liquefied petroleum gas per year, produced from 1.7 billion cubic meters of natural gas.<ref name=kawa>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=ren>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=topsoe>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=nikkei>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=neftegaz>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2019, Turkmenistan produced 5.1 million standard square meters (4mm thickness) of sheet glass, all of it in Ahal.<ref name=stat2020b>Template:Cite book</ref> A$375 million float glass and glass container plant built by Tepe Inşaat of Turkey was opened February 14, 2018, in Ovadandepe north of Ashgabat.<ref name=glass1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=tepe>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=ayna>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It replaced a Soviet-era glass factory located in central Ashgabat. In 2019, the value of Turkmenistan's glass exports as reported by trading partners was $9.5 million.<ref name=uncomtrade>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Database search on HS Code 70 "Glass and glassware", Trading partner "Turkmenistan", Reporters "All"</ref>
A steel smelter, Türkmen Demir Önümleri Döwlet Kärhanasy (Template:Langx), operating on scrap metal is located at kilometer 22 on the Ashgabat-Dashoguz Automobile Highway near Ovadandepe. It produces mainly rebar and channel iron.<ref name=steel>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=steel2>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=official>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The $240 million Tejen urea (carbamide) plant, inaugurated on March 18, 2005, has a design capacity of 350,000 tonnes of urea per year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Baherden Cement Plant, put into operation in 2005, has a design capacity of one million tons of cement per year.<ref name=cement1>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019 the Baherden plant reportedly was operating at 64% of capacity. The Kelete Cement Plant has a design capacity of one million tons per year, but as of 2019 was producing at 8.1% of that level.<ref name=cement>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Derweze State Electrical Power Station (Template:Langx), a 504.4 megawatt power plant built by Çalık Enerji in 2015, is located near Ovadandepe.<ref name=chalik>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="minenergo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Ahal State Power Station (Template:Langx), located about 9 kilometers NE of Anau, with design capacity of 650 megawatts, was constructed in 2010 to power the city of Ashgabat and expanded in 2013 and 2014 to power the Olympic Village.<ref name=orient1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=ahal1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=trend1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=minenergo/>
| Ahal Province: Production of selected industrial products, 2017-2019<ref name=stat2020i>Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| Electricity million kwh |
5,100.3 | 5,219.7 | 4,936.4 |
| Gas condensate thousand tonnes |
71.2 | 50.0 | 53.4 |
| Natural gas billion m3 |
11.7 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| Gasoline thousand tonnes |
- | - | 74.5 |
| Mineral fertilizer thousand tonnes (NPK basis) |
89.2 | 92.8 | 81.8 |
| Cement thousand tonnes |
1,131.3 | 984.6 | 733.3 |
| Sheet glass (4 mm standard thickness) million m2 |
- | 4.4 | 5.1 |
| Bricks million |
36.4 | 38.2 | 31.6 |
| Cotton lint thousand tonnes |
60.7 | 33.6 | 60.8 |
| Cotton yarn thousand tonnes |
20.0 | 19.6 | 21.6 |
| Cotton fabric million m2 |
25.9 | 23.8 | 31.8 |
Government installationsEdit
The Ovadandepe Prison is located approximately 30 kilometers NNW of G. Orazow adyndaky oba, the seat of the Ovadandepe Rural Council (Template:Langx). The National Space Agency's ground station for communicating with the TurkmenÄlem-52E satellite is located approximately 6 kilometers north of the Ashgabat city limit off the P-1 highway.<ref>OpenStreetMap</ref>
PeopleEdit
Partner regionsEdit
Ahal Region cooperates with:
- Template:Flagicon Moscow Oblast, Russia (1995)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Teke (Turkmen tribe) § History
- Darvaza gas crater, a persistent natural gas fire
- OpenStreetMap Wiki: Ahal Province
- OpenStreetMap Wiki: Districts in Turkmenistan
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Wikivoyage Template:Commons category-inline
Template:Provinces of Turkmenistan Template:Authority control Template:Coord