Template:Short description Template:Use Canadian English Template:Use mdy dates Template:More citations needed Template:Main other{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox bridge with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank = 1| also_known_as | alt | aqueduct_name | architect | begin | below | bridge_name | builder | built | capacity | caption | carries | child | clearance | clearance_above | clearance_below | closed | collapsed | demolished | complete | contracted_designer | coord_format | coordinates | cost | crosses | dedicated | depth | design | designer | destroyed | diameter | downstream | electrification | embed | embedded | ends | engineering | extra | fabricator | fetchwikidata |first_length | first_diameter | followed | gauge | height | heritage | id | id_type | image | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | inaugurated | lanes | length | life | load | locale | location | mainspan | maint | maintained | mapframe | mapframe-caption | mapframe-custom | mapframe-id | mapframe-coord | mapframe-wikidata | mapframe-point | mapframe-shape | mapframe-frame-width | mapframe-frame-height | mapframe-shape-fill | mapframe-shape-fill-opacity | mapframe-stroke-color | mapframe-stroke-colour | mapframe-stroke-width | mapframe-marker | mapframe-marker-color | mapframe-marker-colour | mapframe-geomask | mapframe-geomask-stroke-color | mapframe-geomask-stroke-colour | mapframe-geomask-stroke-width | mapframe-geomask-fill | mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity | mapframe-zoom | mapframe-length_km | mapframe-length_mi | mapframe-area_km2 | mapframe-area_mi2 | mapframe-frame-coordinates | mapframe-frame-coord | mapframe-switcher | material | material1 | material2 | name | named_for | native_name | native_name_lang | notrack | num_track | number_spans | official_name | onlysourced | open | opened | opening | os_grid_reference | other_name | owner | passable | piers_in_water | pierswater | preceded | qid | rebuilt | references | refs | replaced_by | replaces | second_length | second_diameter | spans | starts | structure_gauge | third_length | third_diameter | toll | towpath | track_gauge | traffic | traversable | upstream | website | width | winner }}Template:Main other
The Lions Gate Bridge, opened in 1938 and officially known as the First Narrows Bridge,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a suspension bridge that crosses the first narrows of Burrard Inlet and connects the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, to the North Shore municipalities of the District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver. The term "Lions Gate" refers to the Lions, a pair of mountain peaks north of Vancouver. Northbound traffic on the bridge heads in their general direction. A pair of cast concrete lions, designed by sculptor Charles Marega, were placed on either side of the south approach to the bridge in January 1939.<ref name="Davis">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The total length of the bridge including the north viaduct is Template:Convert. The length including approach spans is Template:Convert, the main span alone is Template:Convert, the tower height is Template:Convert, and it has a ship's clearance of Template:Convert. Prospect Point in Stanley Park offered a good high south end to the bridge, but the low flat delta land to the north required construction of the extensive North Viaduct.
The bridge has three lanes, with the middle being a reversible lane indicated by signals. The centre lane changes direction to accommodate for traffic patterns. The traffic volume on the bridge is 60,000–70,000 vehicles per day. Trucks exceeding Template:Convert are prohibited, as are vehicles using studded tires. The bridge forms part of Highways 99 and 1A.
On March 24, 2005, the Lions Gate Bridge was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.<ref>Template:CRHP</ref>
HistoryEdit
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In 1890, land speculator George Grant Mackay wrote in the local paper that he foresaw a bridge over the first narrows.<ref name="Kheraj2013">Template:Cite book</ref> The First Narrows ferry operated between Ambleside and Gastown from 1909 to 1947.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The decision on whether to build the bridge was put to the electorate of Vancouver in 1927, but the first plebiscite was defeated and the idea was put to rest for the time being.<ref name="ConferenceEngineering1991">Template:Cite book</ref>
Alfred James Towle Taylor, an engineer with a land interest in the construction of the bridge, worked to overcome local opposition to its construction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Taylor was able to convince Walter Guinness of the Guinness family (of the Irish stout fame) to invest in the land on the north shore of Burrard Inlet. They purchased Template:Convert of West Vancouver mountainside through a syndicate called British Pacific Properties Ltd.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Francis2010">Template:Cite book</ref>
On December 13, 1933, a second plebiscite was held, passing with 70 percent in favour.<ref name="Francis2016">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Armitage2001">Template:Cite book</ref> After considerable further negotiations with the federal government, approval was finally granted, with the requirement that Vancouver materials and workmen be used as much as possible to provide employment during the Great Depression. The 1933 bylaw authorizing construction included a provision mandating that "no Asiatic person shall be employed in or upon any part of the undertaking or other works".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The bridge was designed by the Montreal firm Monsarrat and Pratley, which was later responsible for the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge in Halifax, Nova Scotia, using a similar design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other companies involved in the construction of the bridge included Swan Wooster Engineering, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc., Canron Western Constructors, Dominion Bridge Company, American Bridge Company.<ref>Template:Usurped Emporis.com. Retrieved March 8, 2007.</ref>
Construction began on March 31, 1937. After one and a half years and a cost of Template:CAD, the bridge opened to traffic on November 14, 1938.<ref name="GrantDickson2003">Template:Cite book</ref> On May 29, 1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth presided over the official opening during a royal visit to Canada.<ref name="KalmanWard2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Berlow2015">Template:Cite book</ref> A toll of 25 cents was charged for each car or horse and carriage; five cents was charged for pedestrians or bicycles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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The bridge was built with two lanes, but a third reversible lane was added on May 19, 1952, to add capacity during peak periods in the peak direction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The system cost $18,000 and was controlled with signs to indicate when the reversible centre lane was opened to traffic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On January 20, 1955, the Guinness family sold the bridge to the province of British Columbia for $5,873,837Template:Sndthe cost of the original construction.<ref name="sun 20200407">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The government also considered plans to build a parallel span, which was estimated to cost $17 million in 1954,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but these were shelved in favour of moving forward with the construction of the Second Narrows Bridge farther east up the Burrard Inlet and improving the existing Lions Gate Bridge.<ref name="Sun-Second">Template:Cite news</ref>
A partial cloverleaf interchange was built in 1956 at Marine Way, located at the end of the bridge's north approach, and was followed by a new bridge over the Capilano River to address congestion issues.<ref name="Sun-Second"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The toll instituted by the Guinness family remained on the Lions Gate Bridge until April 1, 1963, as part of the provincial government's toll removal scheme for several bridges. The toll plaza at the north end of the bridge was later demolished.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1965, the centre lane controls were replaced with traffic signals.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1975, the deteriorating original concrete deck of the North Viaduct was replaced with a lighter, wider, and stronger steel orthotropic deck with wider lanes. This was carried out in sections using a series of short closures of the bridge; each time, one old section was lowered from the bridge and its replacement was put into place.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 1986, the Guinness family, as a gift to Vancouver, purchased decorative lights that make it a distinctive nighttime landmark.<ref name="Vipond1997">Template:Cite book</ref> The 170 lights were designed and installed by British engineer Ian Hayward and first lit up on February 19 of that year.<ref>Template:Cite report </ref><ref name="vsunfeb201986">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1994, a new counterflow system was introduced to the bridge to reduce congestion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
From September 2000 to September 2001, the replacement of the entire suspended structure of the original suspension bridge was undertaken without interruption of peak-hour trafficTemplate:Sndthe first time an entire suspended structure of a major suspension bridge was replaced while in daily use.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As with the 1975 replacement work, this was facilitated by a series of separate nighttime and weekend closures to replace one section at a time. The old suspended section was lowered to a barge, and the new lighter and wider orthotropic deck section raised into place and connected. A total of 47 sections were used before being paved.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The new deck was designed with the two pedestrian walkways cantilevered to the outside of the suspension cables and the three road lanes widened from Template:Convert each. As a result of the 2001 replacement, the 63-year-old suspension bridge, which was described as "not designed for durability", had its lifespan extended.<ref name="buckland matson 2003">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In July 2009, the bridge's lighting system was updated with new LED lights to replace its system of 100-watt mercury vapour bulbs. The switch to LEDs was expected to reduce power consumption on the bridge by 90 percent and save the provincial government about $30,000 a year in energy and maintenance costs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2020, a project to decrease the likelihood of a boat accident was completed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In May 2022, a project to replace the lane control signals with new LED ones was completed.<ref name="minor upgrades">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In late 2023, the northern approach was repaved.<ref name="minor upgrades"/>
In popular cultureEdit
- The bridge is the namesake of locally founded film company Lionsgate.<ref name="Niemi2016">Template:Cite book</ref>
- It was featured as a set for the opening scene in the 2011 film Final Destination 5, known fictionally as the "North Bay Bridge".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The bridge is featured in the background of the "Vancouver Velocity" course in Mario Kart Tour.Template:Citation needed
GalleryEdit
- Lion's Gate Bridge at Sunset.JPG
Lions Gate Bridge at Sunset, 2013
- Lions' Gate Bridge (from Stanley Park).jpg
Lions Gate Bridge from Downtown Vancouver
- Lions Gate Bridge at night.jpg
Lions Gate Bridge and North Vancouver from Prospect Point in Stanley Park
- Lions Gate Bridge 4.jpg
Lions Gate Bridge from Stanley Park, 2013
- LionsGateBridgeFromCypressViewpointWinterNight2012.JPG
Lions Gate Bridge in relation to Vancouver city and harbour, from Cypress Viewpoint, Dec 2012
- Lions Gate Bridge (air).jpg
Lions Gate Bridge from floatplane
- Lions Gate bridge.JPG
Lions Gate Bridge from Stanley Park, 2013
- Lions Gate Bridge, Vancouver (44672850422).jpg
Lions Gate Bridge, Vancouver
- Lions Gate BridgeI13 Vancouver BC Canada visit-world.jpg
Lions Gate Bridge 360 panorama, 2009
- Lions-Gate-Bridge-North-Shore.jpg
Lions Gate Bridge as seen from the North Shore with Downtown Vancouver in the background, 2022
See alsoEdit
- 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake
- List of bridges
- List of bridges in Canada
- Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, sister bridge
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- 1938 film about the construction of the bridge
- Building a Vancouver Icon: The Lions Gate Bridge – the construction of the Lions Gate Bridge (illustrated with many photographs)
- Bridges of Greater Vancouver
- Template:Structurae
Template:Bridges of Greater Vancouver Template:Crossings navbox Template:NHSC Template:British Columbia parks Template:Stanley Park Template:Vancouver landmarks Template:Authority control