Template:Short description Template:About Template:Italic title Template:Nihongo3 is a rhetorical concept in Japanese poetry.
DefinitionEdit
Template:Transliteration is a category of poetic words, often involving place names, that allow for greater allusions and intertextuality across Japanese poems.
Template:Transliteration enables poets to express ideas and themes concisely—thus allowing them to stay in the confines of strict Template:Transliteration structures.
Some scholarsTemplate:Who see the use of geographical allusion as the evidence for a restricted scope of poetry writing. Although the poets' "true" meaning was true because the essence was initially pre-established, the poems were written within fixed topics (Template:Transliteration). The poet could inhabit a subjective position or persona and write about the topic, but not necessarily about their personal feelings; therefore, Template:Transliteration could have restrained the scope of topics a poet could write about.
Template:Transliteration include locations familiar to the court of ancient Japan, such as:
- particularly sacred Shinto and Buddhist sites,
- places where historic events occurred, and
- places that trigger a separate mental association through a pun.
Aesthetic functionEdit
Template:Transliteration serve as a significant tool to achieve Template:Transliteration (mystery and depth) in Japanese poetry by adding profound and indirect beauty in poems. It can be used as a source for identifying significant figures and places in ancient Japan.
HistoryEdit
The history of Template:Transliteration is found in documents on the study of poetry such as the Template:Transliteration of Noin, by the poet and monk of the late Heian period, and lists of places in the Template:Transliteration (Utamakura reference book).
Template:Transliteration were first used by traveling priests.Template:Citation needed They collected stories from the towns they traveled to. Since they saw many places, it was easier to remember the details of a story by using a single, consistent reference point for each recurring event in their tales. Over time, the people across the Japan came to identify Template:Transliteration place names by the psychological feelings associated with the references made by the wandering priests.
After Template:Transliteration place names and people had become well established, eager Template:Transliteration poets went sightseeing to the sites of Template:Transliteration. Beyond becoming familiar with the scenery of the poems, entering the locale of a poem or story deepened one's understanding of it.
Template:Transliteration was also used in Template:Transliteration, a form of Japanese collaborative poetry that is the ancestor of Template:Transliteration and haiku poetry.
ExamplesEdit
There are numerous instances of Template:Transliteration in Japanese literature, one of which is the Template:Transliteration. The source of this particular Template:Transliteration example is poem #3 in the "Spring" section.Template:Clarify<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Verse translation
In the poem above, Yoshino refers to a place in the Yamato region in the nearby of the capital. Yoshino is known for having both heavy snowfall and an abundance of cherry blossoms.
Poem #1 in "Spring 1" of Shin Kokin Wakashū also uses Yoshino for depicting the beginning of spring.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Carter1993">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Verse translation
Another instance of poetic place name comes from Tales of Ise, a piece titled "In the Provinces" (#15).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Verse translation
Mount Shinobu is a pun on the verb shinobu, meaning "to conceal," "endure," "long for," and "remember".
Contemporary examplesEdit
Utamakura are also used outside of poetry, for example menu items named after their visual appearance with a reference to a well-known Japanese scenic area. Tatsuta age, deep-fried fish or chicken that has a dark reddish-brown color as a result of being marinated in soy sauce, is named after the Tatsuta River, known for its maple trees, the leaves of which turn a deep red color in autumn.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Kamens, Edward. Utamakura, Allusion, and Intertextuality in Traditional Japanese Poetry. Yale University Press, 1997. Template:ISBN
- Raud, Rein. "The Lover's Subject: Its Construction and Relativization in the Waka Poetry of the Heian Period". In Proceedings of the Midwest Association for Japanese Literary Studies, vol. 5, summer 1999, pp. 65–79.
- Shirane, Haruo (editor). Traditional Japanese Literature. Columbia University Press: New York, 2007.
- Wright, Ichabod C (Translator). The Inferno of Dante. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman: London, 1833.