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Carduus nutans is a biennial plant in the daisy and sunflower family Asteraceae with the common names musk thistle,<ref name=BSBI07>Template:BSBI 2007</ref> nodding thistle, and nodding plumeless thistle. It is native to regions of Europe, Central Asia, and North Africa, where it is a scattered pasture plant.<ref name="Jongejans-2008">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="CSIRO-2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The musk thistle has been declared as invasive in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.<ref name="CSIRO-2012" />
DescriptionEdit
Carduus nutans is a monocarpic herb and is classified as a biennial thistle, though it can have varying phenology depending on climate and habitat.<ref name="Young-2017">Template:Cite journal</ref> Mature plants can reach Template:Convert in height with multi-branched stems. The leaves are prickly and jagged and can reach up to Template:Convert in length.<ref name="Spellenberg-2012">Template:Cite book</ref> The leaves are dark green, coarsely bipinnately lobed, with a smooth, waxy surface and sharp yellow-brown to whitish spines at the tips of the lobes. They are more or less hairy on top, and wooly on the veins below.<ref name="The Wild Flower Key2">Template:Cite book</ref> The stem is cottony/hairy, with thin ribs along them.<ref name="Spellenberg-2012" /> The plants develop a rosette, with large leaves up to about Template:Convert long.<ref name="Spellenberg-2012" /> The seeds are able to germinate between 15 °C to 30 °C, thriving in conditions that offer moist soil and an alternating day/night temperature.<ref name="Han-2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> A single plant is able to produce around 100 seeds per flower, up to about 20,000 seeds per plant.<ref name="Han-2013" /> Seeds are mainly wind dispersed<ref name="Young-2017" /> and can survive in the soil seed bank for up to 20 years.<ref name="Jongejans-2006">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
FlowersEdit
The plant bears showy flowers that range from a deep rose to violet color, rarely white.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The large globose flower heads, containing hundreds of tiny individual flowers, are Template:Convert (rarely to 7 cm) in diameter and occur at the tips of stems. The flower heads commonly droop to a 90° to 120° angle from the stem when mature, hence its alternate name of "nodding thistle". Each plant may produce thousands of straw-colored seeds adorned with plume-like bristles. They are 4 to 6 cm across, with purple-red bracts.
The number of flower heads per plant is site-dependent and ranges from about 20–50 on good sites and 1–20 on poor sites. Flowering occurs from June to October,<ref name="Spellenberg-2001">Template:Cite book</ref> and seed dissemination occurs approximately one month after the flowers form.
Distribution and habitatEdit
Carduus nutans is native to Europe, Western Siberia, Asia, and North Africa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has become invasive in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa.<ref name="Jongejans-2006" /> It is abundant in the North American Rocky Mountains.<ref name="Spellenberg-2001" /> The plant can grow at least to an elevation of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It typically grows in meadows and grasslands, in heavily grazed land in areas such as pastures, and on open disturbed soil such as roadsides and building sites.<ref name="Spellenberg-2001" /> It is found in neutral to acidic soils. It spreads rapidly in areas subjected to frequent natural disturbances such as landslides and flooding, but does not grow well in excessively wet, dry, or shady conditions.
UsesEdit
MedicinalEdit
Herbal decoctions have historically included Carduus nutans. Turkish folk medicine has used parts of the flowering branches to treat prostate disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has also been documented that it has been used for treatment of liver disease, malaria, constipation, and kidney stones.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
EcologyEdit
Climate and habitat play a large role in phenology of Carduus nutans. Classified as a biennial, it can also act as a summer or winter annual, as well as a perennial, depending on varying environmental conditions.<ref name="Han-2013" />
Invasive speciesEdit
C. nutans is an invasive species in various regions around the world, including in disturbed and agricultural settings, pastures, rangelands, along roadsides, and in natural habitats.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Gassmann-2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> The first report of C. nutans in the United States was in Pennsylvania in 1852.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is declared a noxious weed in many U.S. states, Canadian provinces, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia.<ref>USDA . accessed 4.8.2013</ref> The plant is especially fertile, producing up to 20,000 seeds per plant,<ref name="Han-2013" /> that allows it to take root quickly and replace natural vegetation.<ref name="Gassmann-2002" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Pastures and rangelands suffer from decreased productivity and the sharp spines of the plant make an unsuitable grazing area for livestock.<ref name="Gassmann-2002" /><ref name="Han-2013" />
Biological controlEdit
Several biological control agents have been released in attempt to control C. nutans. In Australia, some of those that have been released include Rhinocyllus conicus, Urophora solstitialis, and Trichosirocalus horridus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the United States there has been success with Rhinocyllus conicus, Trichosirocalus horridus, and Puccinia carduorum.<ref name="Gassmann-2002" /> Previous populations in Southern California were eradicated, but it remains in northern California.<ref>Cal IPC—California Invasive Plants Council: Carduus nutans (musk thistle)</ref> When biological control is successful, natural plants are shown to return to the habitat.<ref name="Gassmann-2002" />
Effects on biodiversityEdit
C. nutans reduces forage biomass availability for livestock through competition for nutrients<ref name="Han-2013" /> The spiny plants affect movement of animals through the area, further decreasing availability of forage biomass.<ref name="Han-2013" /> It also causes soil erosion on roadways and wastelands.
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Jepson Manual Treatment: Carduus nutans
- U.S. National Invasive Species Information Center: Species Profile — Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) — Lists general information and resources. From the United States National Agricultural Library.
- Biological Control of the Musk Thistle in Kansas, Biological Control of Musk Thistle in Kansas
- Carduus nutans — U.C. Photo gallery