James Howell

File:James Howel Standing in a Forest MET DP822445.jpg

A 1641 engraving of Howell

James Howell (Template:Circa – Template:Circa) was a Welsh writer and historian. The son of a Welsh clergyman, he was for much of his life in the shadow of his elder brother Thomas Howell, who became Lord Bishop of Bristol.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref><ref>Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press,2006 (Template:ISBN)</ref>

Education

In 1613 he gained his B.A. from Jesus College, Oxford – he was to be elected to a fellowship at Jesus College in 1623, but he was never formally admitted and his place was taken by another in 1626. Until he was 13, he was schooled in Hereford. He went to Oxford at the age of 19.

Career

After graduation, he had a variety of employments, as an administrator for a glass manufacturer, and in the often combined roles of secretary and instructor to several noble families. As factory agent and negotiator he traveled widely in Europe and learned to speak several languages, apparently with great facility. He also met and befriended numerous literary figures, among them Ben Jonson and Kenelm Digby. Paramount amongst his priorities was however royal, or at least aristocratic patronage.

On the eve of the English Civil War, he finally gained a secretaryship of the Privy Council, which according to one eminent critic, was "very close to the type of appointment that he had sought for 20 years". The conflict meant that he never took up the position, and at about the same time, he wrote his first book, or "maiden Fancy", Dodona's Grove, which represented the history of England and Europe through the allegorical framework of a typology of trees. He started to publish at this time of ferment although he was already well established as a writer of what we would know today as 'newsletters' but were then known as 'tracts' or 'pamphlets'.

He was a prolific writer, and he is among the first writers to earn his living solely from writing in the English language.Template:Fact He was also the first writer of an epistolary novel, a novel of letters, in English (Familiar Letters).Template:Fact

To lexicography Howell contributed his quadrilingual Lexicon Tetraglotton in 1660.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This lexicon also contains a thematic dictionary in 52 sections, ranging from anatomy to cosmology. Howell's Proverbs, although separately printed,<ref name=proverbs>Template:Cite book</ref> was bound and sold with his Lexicon Tetraglotton. John Worthington, writing in his Diary in August 1661, recommended the separate republication of the Proverbs with its collection of British (i.e. Welsh) proverbs because the Lexicon itself "is not so desirable".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=dnb>Template:Cite book</ref>

Howell was imprisoned in Fleet Prison in 1643, ostensibly as an insolvent debtor, although his political criticisms in Dodona's Grove may have also played a part. Howell continued to write and publish from prison. He was released in 1651. He dedicated Some Sober Reflections (1656) to Cromwell, praising him for ending the Rump Parliament in 1653, obsequiously fawning over the Protector in the process, ending his dedication, "I rest in the lowliest posture of obedience."<ref name="hansche">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1650, Howell revised and expanded Cotgrave and Sherwood's French and English dictionary of 1632,<ref>Template:Cite book Other editions followed in 1659, 1660, and 1673.</ref> under the title A French-English Dictionary.<ref name="dnb"/> He added a 21-page French grammar to the work in 1650, but the title page did not advertise this grammar until the 1660 edition;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> this grammar has often been mistakenly cited as a separate publication.<ref name="dnb"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He wrote A New English Grammar with notes on travel in Spain and Portugal "for the service of Her Majesty",<ref>Template:Cite book Printed In English and Spanish on opposing pages.</ref><ref name="dnb" /> in which he proposed spelling reforms such as 'logique' to 'logic', 'warre' to 'war', 'sinne' to 'sin', 'toune' to 'town' and 'tru' to 'true',<ref name="wijk">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp many of which are now in general use.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Some modern historians of formal English consider Howell's New English Grammar a work of foreign language teaching and the first work of its kind in the English language.Template:Fact

File:HowelFamiliarLetters1645.jpg

Engraved titlepage of the 1645 edition of James Howell's Epistolae Ho Elianae Familiar Letters Domestic & Forren, engraving by William Marshall.

Howell's Proverbs<ref name="proverbs"/> contains the famous saying: "All work and no play, makes Jack a dull boy".<ref>This saying is found on page 12 of the section titled Proverbs, or Old Sayed-Sawes, and Adages in the English Toung.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Principal literary works

• Dendrologia, Dodona's Grove, or the Vocall Forest (1640).
• England's Teares, for the Present Wars (1644; also addended to the 2nd edition of Dodona's Grove published in the same year).
• Epistolae Ho-Elianae: Familiar Letters Domestic and Forren (1645–1650).
• Instructions for Forraine Travell (1642).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Louis XIII (1646).
• A Perfect Description of the Country of Scotland (1649).
• An Exact Historie of the Late Revolutions in Naples (1650)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and its continuation The Second Part of Massaniello (1652),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> an English translation of Alessandro Giraffi's Le rivolutioni di Napoli (1647).
• S.P.Q.V.: A Survay of the Signorie of Venice (1651).
• The Vision, or, A Dialog between the Soul and the Bodie: Fancied in a Morning-dream (1651).
• A German Diet: Or, The Ballance of Europe (1653).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Some Sober Inspections (1656).
• Londonopolis: An Historical Discourse or Perlustration of the City of London (1657).
• Paramoigraphy (Proverbs) (1659).
• Lexicon Tetraglotton (1660).
• Discourse of Dunkirk (1664).
• Preheminence and Pedigree of Parliament (1677).
• Parley of Beasts.
• Translation: Beginning, Continuance and Decay of Estates (from French).
• Observations (Finett; edited by Howell).
• St. Paul's Late Progress.
• A New English Grammar Prescribing Certain Rules as the Language will Bear for Foreigners to Learn English.
• Perambulation of Spain and Portugal.
• The Last Will and Testament of the Late Renowned Cardinal Mazarini, Deceased February 27, 1660 together with Some Historical Remarques of His Life (translated by Howell).
• The Venice Looking Glass.

Literary criticism of Howell's works

• Daniel Woolf: Constancy and Ambition in the work of James Howell.
• Javier Escribano: Proverbios, Refránes Y Traducción (Lexicon Tetraglotton).
• Paul Seaward: (1988) A Restoration Publicist: James Howell and the Earl of Clarendon, 1661-6.
• W H Vann's Catalogue of Howell works (c. 1920).
• Sanchez Sederi English Grammar.

Legacy

The memorial to James Howell in the Temple Church in London, for which he paid himself as mentioned in his will of 1666, was destroyed in World War II by German bombing.

External links

• Template:Cite DNB
• Essays by James Howell at Quotidiana.org
• Lustra Ludovici, or the Life of the late Victorious King of France, Lewis the XIII. (And of his Cardinall de Richelieu.) Divided into seven lustres. Consilium Armorum Cardo. (London, 1646)
• Template:Librivox author