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Chives, scientific name Allium schoenoprasum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae.
A perennial plant, A. schoenoprasum is widespread in nature across much of Eurasia and North America. It is the only species of Allium native to both the New and the Old Worlds.
The leaves and flowers are edible. Chives are a commonly used herb and vegetable with a variety of culinary uses. They are also used to repel insects.
DescriptionEdit
Chives are a bulb-forming herbaceous perennial plant, growing to Template:Convert tall.<ref name="tfb">Template:Cite book</ref> The bulbs are slender, conical, Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad, and grow in dense clusters from the roots. The scapes (or stems) are hollow and tubular, up to Template:Convert longTemplate:Citation needed and Template:Convert across, with a soft texture, although, prior to the emergence of a flower, they may appear stiffer than usual. The grass-like leaves,<ref name="Linford" /> which are shorter than the scapes, are also hollow and tubular, or terete (round in cross-section).
The flowers are pale purple, and star-shaped with six petals, Template:Convert wide, and produced in a dense inflorescence of 10–30 together; before opening, the inflorescence is surrounded by a papery bract. The seeds are produced in a small, three-valved capsule, maturing in summer. The herb flowers from April to May in the southern parts of its habitat zones and in June in the northern parts.<ref>Allium schoenoprasum factsheet Template:Webarchive, from Kemper center for home gardening, retrieved on June 13, 2006, based on the position of the botanical Garden (Missouri)</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Chives are the only species of Allium native to both the New and the Old Worlds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="small">Ernest Small Template:Google books</ref><ref name="European">James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) Template:Google books</ref> Sometimes, the plants found in North America are classified as A. schoenoprasum var. sibiricum, although this is disputed. Differences between specimens are significant. One example was found in northern Maine growing solitary, instead of in clumps, also exhibiting dingy grey flowers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Similar speciesEdit
Close relatives of chives include common onions, garlic, shallot, leek, scallion,<ref name="Block2010">Template:Cite book</ref> and Chinese onion.<ref name="AN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The terete hollow leaves distinguish the plant from Allium tuberosum (garlic chives).
TaxonomyEdit
It was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication Species Plantarum in 1753.<ref name="plantlist">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The name of the species derives from the Greek σχοίνος, skhoínos (sedge or rush) and πράσον, práson (leek).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its English name, chives, derives from the French word cive, from cepa, the Latin word for onion.<ref name="hc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Linford">Template:Cite book</ref> In the Middle Ages, it was known as 'rush leek'.<ref name="Linford"/>
Several subspecies have been proposed, but are not accepted by Plants of the World Online, Template:As of, which sinks them into two subspecies:
- Allium schoenoprasum subsp. gredense (Rivas Goday) Rivas Mart., Fern.Gonz. & Sánchez Mata<ref name="POWO_953275-1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Allium schoenoprasum subsp. latiorifolium (Pau) Rivas Mart., Fern.Gonz. & Sánchez Mata<ref name="POWO_953276-1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Varieties have also been proposed, including A. schoenoprasum var. sibiricum. The Flora of North America notes that the species is very variable, and considers recognition of varieties as "unsound".<ref name="FNA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Distribution and habitatEdit
Chives are native to temperate areas of Europe, Asia and North America.<ref name="Grin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Altervista Flora Italiana, Erba cipollina, wild chives, Civette, Schnittlauch, Allium schoenoprasum L. includes photos, drawings, European distribution map, etc.</ref>
RangeEdit
Chives have a wide natural range across much of the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name="POWO">Template:Cite POWO</ref>
In Asia it is native from the Ural Mountains in Russia to Kamchatka in the far east.<ref name="POWO" /> It grows natively in the Korean peninsula, but only the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu in Japan.<ref name="WorldPlants">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Likewise its natural range in China only extends to Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, though it is also found in adjacent Mongolia. It is native to all the nations of the Caucasus. However, in Central Asia it is only found in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. To the south its range also extends to Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and the Western Himalayas in India.<ref name="POWO" />
It is native to all parts of Europe with the exception of Sicily, Sardinia, the island of Cyprus, Iceland, Crimea, and Hungary and other offshore islands. It also is not native to Belgium and Ireland, but it grows there as an introduced plant.<ref name="POWO" />
In North America it is native to Alaska and almost every province of Canada, but has been introduced to the island of Newfoundland. In the United States the certain native range in the lower 48 is in two separated areas. In the west its range is in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. In the east it extends from Minnesota, eastward through Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Then northward into New York and all of New England.<ref name="POWO" /> The Plants of the World Online database lists it as introduced to Illinois and Maryland and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database additionally lists it as growing in Nevada, Utah, Missouri, and Virginia without information on if it is native or introduced to those states.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="USDA">Template:Cite usda plants</ref>
In other areas of the Americas chives grow as an introduced plant in Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Trinidad, Colombia, Bolivia, and the southern part of Argentina in Tierra del Fuego.<ref name="WorldPlants" />
EcologyEdit
Chives are repulsive to most insects due to their sulfur compounds, but their flowers attract bees, and they are at times kept to increase desired insect life.<ref>Baines, C. Making a Wildlife Garden. 0</ref>
The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a United Kingdom plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.<ref name="Pollinators">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CultivationEdit
Chives have been cultivated in Europe since the Middle Ages (from the fifth until the 15th centuries), although their usage dates back 5,000 years.<ref name="hc" />
Chives are cultivated both for their culinary uses and for their ornamental value; the violet flowers are often used in ornamental dry bouquets.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Chives thrive in well-drained soil, rich in organic matter, with a pH of 6–7 and full sun.<ref name="mobot">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They can be grown from seed and mature in summer, or early the following spring. Typically, chives need to be germinated at a temperature of Template:Convert and kept moist. They can also be planted under a cloche or germinated indoors in cooler climates, then planted out later. After at least four weeks, the young shoots should be ready to be planted out. They are also easily propagated by division.<ref name="TBC">Template:Cite book</ref>
In cold regions, chives die back to the underground bulbs in winter, with the new leaves appearing in early spring. Chives starting to look old can be cut back to about 2–5 cm. When harvesting, the needed number of stalks should be cut to the base.<ref name="TBC" /> During the growing season, the plant continually regrows leaves, allowing for a continuous harvest.<ref name="TBC" />
Chives are susceptible to damage by leek moth larvae, which bore into the leaves or bulbs of the plant.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
UsesEdit
Culinary artsEdit
Template:Sister project Chives are grown for their scapes and leaves, which are used for culinary purposes as a flavoring herb, and provide a somewhat milder onion-like flavor than those of other Allium species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The edible flowers are used in salads,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or used to make blossom vinegars.<ref>Margaret Roberts Template:Google books</ref> Both the scapes and the unopened, immature flower buds are diced and used as an ingredient for omelettes, fish, potatoes, soups, and many other dishes.<ref name="Linford" /> The scapes are often paired with cream cheese.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
Chives have a wide variety of culinary uses, such as in traditional dishes in France, Sweden, and elsewhere.<ref name="swe">Försök til en Flora Oeconomica Sveciæ by A. J. Retzius (1806)</ref> In his 1806 book Attempt at a Flora (Försök til en flora), Anders Jahan Retzius describes how chives are used with pancakes, soups, fish, and sandwiches.<ref name="swe" /> They are also an ingredient of the gräddfil sauce with the traditional herring dish served at Swedish midsummer celebrations. The flowers and scapes may also be used to garnish dishes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Allium schoenoprasum, from Mountain valley growers, accessed on June 13, 2006</ref>
In Poland and Germany, chives are served with quark. Chives are one of the fines herbes of French cuisine, the others being tarragon, chervil and parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen without much impairment to the taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.<ref name="hc" />
Uses in plant cultivationEdit
Retzius also describes how farmers would plant chives between the rocks making up the borders of their flowerbeds, to keep the plants free from pests (such as Japanese beetles).<ref name="swe" /><ref name="japanese_beetles">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The growing plant repels unwanted insect life, and the juice of the leaves can be used for the same purpose, as well as fighting fungal infections, mildew, and scab.<ref>Holtom. J. and Hylton. W. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press 1979 Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978 Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In cultureEdit
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In Europe, chives were sometimes referred to as "rush leeks".<ref name="culpeper">Nicholas Culpeper Template:Google books</ref>
It was mentioned in 80 A.D. by Marcus Valerius Martialis in his "Epigrams" (13.18 porri sectivi):<ref>Epigrams translated by Walter C.A. Ker, Loeb Classics Library, 1919, v. 2, p. 396.</ref>
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Fila Tarentini graviter redolentia porri
Edisti quoties, oscula clausa dato.
(After eating the heavily scented threads of Tarentine leek, give your kisses closed.){{#if:|{{#if:|}}— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
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The Romans believed chives could relieve the pain from sunburn or a sore throat. They believed eating chives could increase blood pressure and act as a diuretic.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Romani have used chives in fortune telling.<ref>Chives, from "Sally's place", accessed on June 13, 2006</ref> Bunches of dried chives hung around a house were believed to ward off disease and evil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=small/>
In the 19th century, Dutch farmers fed cattle on the herb to give a different taste to their milk.<ref name=small/>