Libanius

Template:Short description Template:Refimprove Template:Infobox person Libanius (Template:Langx; Template:C.) was a teacher of rhetoric of the Sophist school in the Eastern Roman Empire.<ref name="EB1911">Template:Cite EB1911</ref> His prolific writings make him one of the best documented teachers of higher education in the ancient world and a critical source of history of the Greek East during the 4th century AD.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During the rise of Christian hegemony in the later Roman Empire, he remained unconverted and in religious matters was a pagan Hellene.

Life

Origin

Libanius was born in Antioch, Coele-Syria located near the modern-day city of Antakya, Turkey. He was born into a deeply cultured and once-influential family that had experienced substantial recent decline. In 303 AD, eleven years before his birth, his family had participated in resisting an insurrection by a local army garrison. In the end, Roman Imperial authorities were equally concerned by local aristocrats arming themselves as they were by the rebellious troops. Libanius' family fell out of favor and his grandfather was executed. Libanius' father died when he was eleven, leaving his upbringing to his mother and maternal uncles, who were in the process of rebuilding his family's reputation.<ref name="EB1911" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

At fourteen years old he began his study of rhetoric, for which he withdrew from public life and devoted himself to philosophy. Unfamiliar with Latin literature, he deplored its influence.

Career

He studied in Athens under Diophantus the Arab and began his career in Constantinople as a private tutor. He was exiled to Nicomedia in 346 (or earlier) for around five years<ref name=EB1911/> but returned to Constantinople and taught there until 354.<ref name="GS370"/> At this time, he held an official appointment as a sophist in the capital and received an imperial salary.<ref name="Kaster">Template:Cite journal</ref> Before his exile, Libanius was a friend of the emperor Julian, with whom some correspondence survives, and in whose memory he wrote a series of orations; they were composed between 362 and 365. In winter 353/54 he returned to Antioch in expectation of succeeding his former teacher Zenobius, but the latter refused to yield his place and Libanius could only take the position upon Zenobius' illness and following death in autumn 354.<ref name="Kaster" /> His pupils included both pagans and Christians.<ref name="GS370">Template:Cite book</ref> There, he continued to receive an imperial salary, which was temporarily cut between , which resulted in Libanius in writing many letters trying to obtain it back.<ref name="Kaster"/>Template:Efn

Libanius used his arts of rhetoric to advance various private and political causes. He attacked the increasing imperial pressures on the traditional city-oriented culture that had been supported and dominated by the local upper classes. Nevertheless, though Libanius liked to assume the role of an honourable, independent citizen, he concerned himself often with winning for himself and his friends honours and privileges bestowed by the central imperial authority.<ref name="Kaster" /> He is known to have protested against the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire. In 386, he appealed without success to emperor Theodosius to prevent the destruction of a temple in Edessa, and pleaded for toleration and the preservation of the temples against the predation of Christian monks, who he claimed:

The surviving works of Libanius, which include over 1,600 letters, 64 speeches and 96 progymnasmata (rhetorical exercises), are valuable as a historical source for the changing world of the later 4th century.<ref name="GS370"/> His oration "A Reply To Aristides On Behalf Of The Dancers" is one of the most important records of Roman concert dance, particularly that immensely popular form known as pantomime.<ref>Alessandra Zanobi, Ancient Pantomime and its Reception, Article retrieved April 2016 [1]</ref> His first Oration I is an autobiographical narrative, first written in 374 and revised throughout his life, a scholar's account that ends as an old exile's private journal. Progymnasma 8 (see below for explanation of a "progymnasma") is an imaginary summation of the prosecution's case against a physician charged with poisoning some of his patients.<ref>Ratzan, R.M. and Ferngren, G.B. (April 1993). "A Greek progymnasma on the physician-poisoner". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 48 (2): 157–70.</ref>

Although Libanius was not a Christian his students included such notable Christians as John Chrysostom<ref name=EB1911/> and Theodore of Mopsuestia.<ref>Cameron, A. (1998) "Education and literary culture" in Cameron, A. and Garnsey, P. (eds.) The Cambridge ancient history: Vol. XIII The late empire, A.D. 337-425. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 668-669.</ref> Despite his friendship with the pagan restorationist Emperor Julian he was made an honorary praetorian prefect by the Christian Emperor Theodosius I.

Works

• 64 orations in the three fields of oratory: judicial, deliberative and epideictic, both orations as if delivered in public and orations meant to be privately read (aloud) in the study. The two volumes of selections in the Loeb Classical Library devote one volume to Libanius' orations that bear on the emperor Julian, the other on Theodosius; the most famous is his "Lamentation" about the desecration of the temples ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}});
• 51 Template:Transliteration, a traditional public-speaking format of Rhetoric in Antiquity, taking set topics with historical and mythological themes (translations into English by e.g. D.A. Russell, "Libanius: Imaginary Speeches"; M. Johansson, "Libanius' Declamations 9 and 10";
• 96 Template:Transliteration or compositional exercises for students of rhetoric, used in his courses of instruction and widely admired as models of good style;
• 57 Template:Transliteration or introductions to Demosthenes' orations (written Template:C.), in which he sets them in historical context for the novice reader, without polemics;
• 1545 letters have been preserved, more letters than those of Cicero. Some 400 additional letters in Latin were later accepted, purporting to be translations, but a dispassionate examination of the texts themselves shows them to be misattributed or forgeries, by the Italian humanist Francesco Zambeccari in the 15th century. Among his correspondents there was Censorius Datianus.
• Template:Cite book

English editions

• Scott Bradbury, Selected Letters of Libanius. Liverpool, University Press, 2004. Template:ISBN
• Raffaella Cribiore, The School of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. (Includes translation of c. 200 letters dealing with the school and its students. Reviewed in Bryn Mawr Classical Reviews.)
• Margaret E. Molloy: Libanius and the Dancers, Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim 1996 Template:ISBN
• A.F. Norman, Libanius: Selected Works, 2 volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library, 1969–1977.
• A.F. Norman, Libanius: Autobiography and Selected Letters, 2 volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library, 1993. Reviewed in Bryn Mawr Classical Reviews.)
• Lieve Van Hoof, Libanius: a critical introduction (Cambridge University Press, 2014)

External links

• Libanius: "Funeral Oration on Julian"
• Libanius: "16 letters to Julian"
• Libanius: "On the temple of Apollo destroyed by fire"
• Libanius: "On Nicomedia, destroyed by an earthquake"
• Libanius: Oration 30: for the temples
• Template:In lang Centre Libanios, the Libanius Site by P.-L. Malosse, part of CRISES research centre.
• Two moral anecdotes from the Progymnasmata: (in English) on the harshness of classical Roman education and an encomium of Thersites
• Craig Gibson, translator, Summary of "Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes"
• Open source XML version of Libanius' works by the University of Leipzig, at Open Greek & Latin Project