Shoshone

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traditional tribal religion,<ref name=plains/> Christianity, Ghost Dance |Religion}} | data64 = Native American Church, Sun Dance,
traditional tribal religion,<ref name=plains/> Christianity, Ghost Dance | header65 = {{#if:Timbisha and Comanche |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = {{#if:Timbisha and Comanche |Timbisha and Comanche Template:Main other }}

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}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox ethnic group with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | caption | flag |flag_alt | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_upright | footnotes | genealogy | group | image |image_alt | image_caption | image_upright | langs | languages | native_name | native_name_lang | pop | pop_embed | pop1 | pop10 | pop11 | pop12 | pop13 | pop14 | pop15 | pop16 | pop17 | pop18 | pop19 | pop2 | pop20 | pop21 | pop22 | pop23 | pop24 | pop25 | pop26 | pop27 | pop28 | pop29 | pop3 | pop30 | pop31 | pop32 | pop33 | pop34 | pop35 | pop36 | pop37 | pop38 | pop39 | pop4 | pop40 | pop41 | pop42 | pop43 | pop44 | pop45 | pop46 | pop47 | pop48 | pop49 | pop5 | pop50 | pop6 | pop7 | pop8 | pop9 | popplace | population | rawimage | ref1 | ref10 | ref11 | ref12 | ref13 | ref14 | ref15 | ref16 | ref17 | ref18 | ref19 | ref2 | ref20 | ref21 | ref22 | ref23 | ref24 | ref25 | ref26 | ref27 | ref28 | ref29 | ref3 | ref30 | ref31 | ref32 | ref33 | ref34 | ref35 | ref36 | ref37 | ref38 | ref39 | ref4 | ref40 | ref41 | ref42 | ref43 | ref44 | ref45 | ref46 | ref47 | ref48 | ref49 | ref5 | ref50 | ref6 | ref7 | ref8 | ref9 | region1 | region10 | region11 | region12 | region13 | region14 | region15 | region16 | region17 | region18 | region19 | region2 | region20 | region21 | region22 | region23 | region24 | region25 | region26 | region27 | region28 | region29 | region3 | region30 | region31 | region32 | region33 | region34 | region35 | region36 | region37 | region38 | region39 | region4 | region40 | region41 | region42 | region43 | region44 | region45 | region46 | region47 | region48 | region49 | region5 | region50 | region6 | region7 | region8 | region9 | regions | related | related_groups | related-c | religions | rels | tablehdr | total | total_ref | total_source | total_year | total1 | total1_ref | total1_source | total1_year | total2 | total2_ref | total2_source | total2_year | total3 | total3_ref | total3_source | total3_year }}Template:Main other The Shoshone or Shoshoni (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell or Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell), also known by the endonym Newe, are an Indigenous people of the United States with four large cultural/linguistic divisions:

• Eastern Shoshone: Wyoming
• Northern Shoshone: Southern Idaho
• Western Shoshone: California, Nevada, and Northern Utah
• Goshute: western Utah, eastern Nevada

They traditionally speak the Shoshoni language, part of the Numic languages branch of the large Uto-Aztecan language family. The Shoshone were sometimes called the Snake Indians by neighboring tribes and early American explorers.<ref name=plains/>

Their peoples have become members of federally recognized tribes throughout their traditional areas of settlement, often co-located with the Northern Paiute people of the Great Basin.

Etymology

The name "Shoshone" comes from Sosoni, a Shoshone word for high-growing grasses. Some neighboring tribes call the Shoshone "Grass House People," based on their traditional homes made from sosoni. Shoshones call themselves Newe, meaning "People".<ref name=plains>Loether, Christopher. "Shoshones." Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.</ref>

Meriwether Lewis recorded the tribe as the "Sosonees or snake Indians" in 1805.<ref name=plains/>

Language

The Shoshoni language is spoken by approximately 1,000 people today.<ref name=ethno/> It belongs to the Central Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Speakers are scattered from central Nevada to central Wyoming.<ref name=ethno/>

The largest numbers of Shoshoni speakers live on the federally recognized Duck Valley Indian Reservation, located on the border of Nevada and Idaho; and Goshute Reservation in Utah. Idaho State University also offers Shoshoni-language classes.<ref name=ethno/>

History

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File:Shoshoni tipis.jpg

A Shoshone encampment in the Wind River Range of Wyoming, photographed by W. H. Jackson, 1870

File:Shoshone Mike's band after Death, February 26, 1911.jpg

Reported picture of Mike Daggett February 26, 1911

File:Charles Ferrel and survivors Battle of Kelley Creek.jpg

Sheriff Charles Ferrel with the surviving members of Mike Daggett's family (Daggett's daughter Heney (Louise, 17), and two of his grandchildren, Cleveland (Mosho, 8), and Hattie (Harriet Mosho, 4))

File:MaryJoEstep1916.png

Daggett grandchild Mary Jo Estep (1909 or 1910 – 1992), age 5 in 1916

The Shoshone are a Native American tribe that originated in the western Great Basin and spread north and east into present-day Idaho and Wyoming. By 1500, some Eastern Shoshone had crossed the Rocky Mountains into the Great Plains. After 1750, warfare and pressure from the Blackfoot, Crow, Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho pushed Eastern Shoshone south and westward. Some of them moved as far south as Texas, emerging as the Comanche by 1700.<ref name=plains/>

As more European American settlers migrated west, tensions rose with the indigenous people over competition for territory and resources. Wars occurred throughout the second half of the 19th century. The Northern Shoshone, led by Chief Pocatello, fought during the 1860s against settlers in Idaho (where the city Pocatello was named for him). As more settlers encroached on Shoshone hunting territory, the natives raided farms and ranches for food and attacked immigrants.

The warfare resulted in the Bear River Massacre (1863) when U.S. forces attacked and killed an estimated 250 Northwestern Shoshone, who were at their winter encampment in present-day Franklin County, Idaho. A large number of the dead were non-combatants, including children, deliberately killed by the soldiers. This was the highest number of deaths which the Shoshone suffered at the hands of United States forces. 21 US soldiers were also killed.<ref>Brigham D. Madsen. The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre (1985, University of Utah Press, page 192)</ref>

During the American Civil War travelers continued to migrate westward along the Westward Expansion Trails. When the Shoshone, along with the Utes participated in attacks on the mail route that ran west out of Fort Laramie, the mail route had to be relocated south of the trail through Wyoming.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Allied with the Bannock, to whom they were related, the Shoshone fought against the United States in the Snake War from 1864 to 1868. They fought U.S. forces together in 1878 in the Bannock War. In 1876, by contrast, the Shoshone fought alongside the U.S. Army in the Battle of the Rosebud against their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Cheyenne.

In 1879 a band of approximately 300 Eastern Shoshone (known as "Sheepeaters") became involved in the Sheepeater Indian War. It was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest region of the present-day United States.

In 1911 a small group of Bannock under a leader named Mike Daggett, also known as "Shoshone Mike," killed four ranchers in Washoe County, Nevada.<ref>America's Last Indian Battle Template:Webarchive</ref> The settlers formed a posse and went out after the Native Americans. They caught up with the Bannock band on February 25, 1911, and in a gun battle killed Mike Daggett and seven members of his band. They lost one man of the posse, Ed Hogle<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the Battle of Kelley Creek. The posse captured an infant named Mary Jo Estep, along with two children and a young woman. The three older captives died of diseases within a year; Mary Jo Estep survived, and passed away in 1992, around the age of 82.

A rancher donated the partial remains of three adult males, two adult females, two adolescent males, and three children (believed to be Mike Daggett and his family, according to contemporary accounts) to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., for study. In 1994, the institution repatriated the remains to the Fort Hall Idaho Shoshone-Bannock Tribe.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2008 the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation acquired the site of the Bear River Massacre and some surrounding land. They wanted to protect the holy land and to build a memorial to the massacre, the largest their nation had suffered. "In partnership with the American West Heritage Center and state leaders in Idaho and Utah, the tribe has developed public/private partnerships to advance tribal cultural preservation and economic development goals." They have become leaders in developing tribal renewable energy.<ref>"Tribe remembers nation's largest massacre", Indian Country Times, 10 Mar 2008, accessed 6 Mar 2010</ref>

Historical population

The Shoshone were scattered over a vast area and divided into many bands, therefore many estimates of their population did not cover the entire tribe. In 1820 Jedidiah Morse estimated the Shoshone population at 60,000 and 20,000 Eastern Shoshone.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Alexander Ross the Shoshone were on the west side of the Rocky Mountains what the Sioux were on the east side - the most powerful tribe - and he estimated that in 1855 the Shoshone numbered 36,000 people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They were much reduced in number after they had suffered infectious disease epidemics and warfare. According to Joseph Lane the Shoshone were divided into many bands and it was almost impossible to ascertain their exact numbers. According to Indian Affairs 1859 in Utah there were 4,500 Shoshones. Indian Affairs 1866 reported in Utah 4,500 eastern Bannock and Shoshone intermingled and 3,800 western and northwestern Shoshone as well as 2,000 Shoshone in Nevada and 2,500 Shoshone in Idaho, as well as an unspecified number in Oregon. The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 was followed by European-American immigrants arriving in unprecedented numbers in the territory. Indian Affairs 1875 gave the Shoshone as 1,740 in Idaho and Montana, 1,945 in Nevada, 700 in Wyoming and 244 (besides those intermixed with the Bannock) in Oregon. The census of 1910 returned 3,840 Shoshone.<ref name="Krzywicki">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1937, the Bureau of Indian Affairs counted 3,650 Northern Shoshone and 1,201 Western Shoshone. As of the 2000 U.S. census, some 12,000 persons identified as Shoshone. As of 2020 there were in the USA 17,918 Shoshone including 3,638 in Nevada and 3,491 in Wyoming.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bands

Shoshone people are divided into traditional bands based both on their homelands and primary food sources. These include:

File:Native Americans from Southeastern Idaho, Lemhi. Chief. Tindoor - NARA - 519297.jpg

Tindoor, Lemhi Shoshone chief and his wife, ca. 1897, photographed by Benedicte Wrensted

• Eastern Shoshone people:

• Guchundeka', Kuccuntikka, Buffalo Eaters<ref name=plains/><ref name=s335>Shimkin 335</ref>
• Tukkutikka, Tukudeka, Mountain Sheep Eaters, joined the Northern Shoshone<ref name=s335/>
• Boho'inee', Pohoini, Pohogwe, Sage Grass people, Sagebrush Butte People<ref name=plains/><ref name=s335/><ref name=mm306/>

• Northern Shoshone people:

• Agaideka, Salmon Eaters, Lemhi, Snake River and Lemhi River Valley<ref name=mm306>Murphy and Murphy 306</ref><ref name=mm287/>
• Kammedeka, Kammitikka, Jack Rabbit Eaters, Snake River, Great Salt Lake<ref name="mm306" />
• Hukundüka, Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters, Wild Wheat Eaters, possibly synonymous with Kammitikka<ref name=mm306/><ref name=tpc280/>
• Tukudeka, Dukundeka', Sheep Eaters (Mountain Sheep Eaters), Sawtooth Range, Idaho, synonymous with Doyahinee'<ref name="plains" /> (Mountain Dwellers).<ref name=mm306/><ref name=mm287/>
• Yahandeka, Yakandika, Groundhog Eaters, lower Boise, Payette, and Wiser Rivers<ref name=mm306/><ref name=mm287>Murphy and Murphy 287</ref>

• Western Shoshone people:

• Kusiutta, Goshute (Gosiute), Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake, Utah<ref name=tpc280/>

• Cedar Valley Goshute
• Deep Creek Goshute
• Rush Valley Goshute
• Skull Valley Goshute, Wipayutta, Weber Ute<ref name=tpc280/>
• Tooele Valley Goshute
• Trout Creek Goshute<ref name=tpc280/>

• Kuyatikka, Kuyudikka, Bitterroot Eaters, Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada<ref name=tpc280/>
• Mahaguadüka, Mentzelia Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada<ref name=tpc280/>
• Painkwitikka, Penkwitikka, Fish Eaters, Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah<ref name=tpc280/>
• Pasiatikka, Redtop Grass Eaters, Deep Creek Gosiute, Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley<ref name=tpc280/>
• Tipatikka, Pinenut Eaters, northernmost band<ref name=tpc280/>
• Tsaiduka, Tule Eaters, Railroad Valley, Nevada<ref name=tpc280/>
• Tsogwiyuyugi, Elko, Nevada<ref name=tpc280/>
• Waitikka, Ricegrass Eaters, Ione Valley, Nevada<ref name=tpc280/>
• Watatikka, Ryegrass Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada<ref name=tpc280/>
• Wiyimpihtikka, Buffalo Berry Eaters<ref name=tpc280>Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–283</ref>

Reservations and Indian colonies

File:Shoshone indians.jpg

"Shoshone at Ft. Washakie, Wyoming Native American reservation. Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm." Some of the Shoshones are dancing as the soldiers look on, 1892.

• Battle Mountain Reservation, Lander County, Nevada. Current reservation population is 165 and total tribal enrollment is 516.
• Duck Valley Indian Reservation, southern Idaho/northern Nevada, (Western) Shoshone-Paiute Tribes
• Duckwater Indian Reservation, located in Duckwater, Nevada, approximately Template:Convert from Ely.
• Elko Indian Colony, Elko County, Nevada
• Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation in Ely, Nevada, 111 acres (0.45 km²), 500 members
• Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Reservation near Fallon, Nevada, 8,200 acres (33 km²), 991 members, Western Shoshone and Paiute
• Fort Hall Indian Reservation, 544,000 acres (2,201 km²) in Idaho, Lemhi Shoshone with the Bannock Indians, a Paiute band with which they have merged
• Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Nevada and Oregon, Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe
• Goshute Indian Reservation, 111,000 acres (449 km²) in Nevada and Utah, Western Shoshone
• Lemhi Indian Reservation (1875–1907) in Idaho, Lemhi Shoshone, removed to Fort Hall Reservation
• Northwestern Shoshone Indian Reservation, Utah, Northwestern Band of Shoshone Nation of Utah (Washakie)<ref>"Northwestern Band of Shoshone Tribal Profile." Template:Webarchive Utah Division of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 23 Dec 2012.</ref>
• Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Nevada, 1,988 acres (8 km²), total 481 members of Shoshone, Paiute, and Washoe bands
• Skull Valley Indian Reservation, 18,000 acres (73 km²) in Utah, Western Shoshone
• South Fork Odgers Ranch Indian Colony, Elko County, Nevada
• Wells Indian Colony, Elko County, Nevada
• Wind River Reservation, population 2,650 Eastern Shoshone, 2,268,008 acres (9,178 km²) of reservation in Wyoming are shared with the Northern Arapaho

Notable people

• Sacagawea (1788–1812), Lemhi Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Jean Baptiste Charbonneau (1805–1866) son of Sacagawea, explorer, guide, military scout
• Cameahwait, chief in the early 19th century
• Bear Hunter (d. 1863), war chief
• Old Toby
• Ned Blackhawk (b. ca. 1970), historian and professor at Yale
• Mary Dann and Carrie Dann
• Randy'L He-dow Teton
• Chief Washakie
• Chief Pocatello
• Lolly Vegas, lead singer of Redbone (band)
• Taboo (rapper), member of the Black Eyed Peas (Shoshone grandmother)

See also

• Battle of Kelley Creek
• United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians
• Western Shoshone traditional narratives

References

• Murphy, Robert A., and Yolanda Murphy. "Northern Shoshone and Bannock." Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 284–307. Template:ISBN.
• Shimkin, Demitri B. "Eastern Shoshone." Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 308–335. Template:ISBN.
• Thomas, David H., Lorann S.A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari. "Western Shoshone." Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 262–283. Template:ISBN.

Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Northern Shoshone treaties
• Great Basin Indian Archives
• Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
• Te-Moak Tribe of the Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada
• Timbisha Tribe of the Western Shoshone Nation
• U.S. Treaty with the Western Shoshone 1863, Ruby Valley
• Western Shoshone Defense Project
• The Sheepeaters