Action-adventure game

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An action-adventure game is a video game hybrid genre that combines core elements from both the action game and adventure game genres.

Definition

An action adventure game can be defined as a game with a mix of elements from an action game and an adventure game,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> especially crucial elements like puzzles<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> inspired by older adventure games.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Action-adventures require many of the same physical skills as action games, but may also offer a storyline, numerous characters, an inventory system, dialogue, and other features of adventure games.<ref name="fundamentals">Template:Cite book</ref> They are typically faster-paced than pure adventure games, because they include both physical and conceptual challenges.<ref name="fundamentals" /> Action-adventure games normally include a combination of complex story elements, which are often displayed for players using audio and video. The story is heavily reliant upon the player character's movement, which triggers story events and thus affects the flow of the game.<ref name=Puzzle2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Popular examples of action-adventure games include The Legend of Zelda, God of War,<ref name="fundamentals" /> Grand Theft Auto, and Tomb Raider series.<ref name="Gal">Template:Cite book</ref>

Relationship to other genres

There is a good deal of controversy over what actually constitutes an action-adventure game.<ref name="Rollings" /> One definition of the term "action-adventure" may be '"An action/adventure game is a game that has enough action in it not to be called an adventure game, but not enough action to be called an action game."<ref name=justadventure>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In some cases an action game with puzzles will be classified as an action-adventure game, but if these puzzles are quite simple they might be classified as an action game.<ref name="fundamentals" /><ref name="NGen15">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Others see action games as a pure genre, while an action-adventure is an action game that includes situational problem-solving.<ref name=justadventure /><ref name="NGen15" /> Adventure gamers may also be purists, rejecting any game that makes use of physical challenges or time pressure.<ref name="fundamentals" /> Regardless, the action-adventure label is prominent in articles over the internet and media. The term "action-adventure" is usually substituted for a particular subgenre due to its wide scope.

Subgenres

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} Although action-adventure games are diverse and difficult to classify, there are some distinct subgenres. Many games with gameplay<ref name=":0" /> similar to those in The Legend of Zelda series are called Zelda clones<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or Zelda-like games.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Popular subgenres include:

Grand Theft Auto clone

A Grand Theft Auto clone belongs to a subgenre of open world action-adventure video games in the third-person perspective. They are characterized by their likeness to the Grand Theft Auto series in either gameplay or overall design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="crackdownqa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In these types of open world games, players may find and use a variety of vehicles and weapons while roaming freely in an open world setting.<ref>Sources that refer to Grand Theft Auto popularizing or inventing a genre include:
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Metroidvania

Metroidvania is a portmanteau of Metroid and Castlevania; such games are sometimes referred to as "search action",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and are generally based on two-dimensional platformers. They emphasize both exploration and puzzle-solving with traditional platform gameplay.<ref name="gamasutra history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Survival horror

Survival horror games emphasize "inventory management" and making sure the player has enough ammunition and recovery items to "survive" the horror setting. This is a thematic genre with diverse gameplay, so not all survival horror games share all the features.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Resident Evil franchise popularized this subgenre.

Gameplay

Template:See also Action-adventure games are faster-paced than pure adventure games, and include physical as well as conceptual challenges<ref name="Rollings">Template:Cite book</ref> where the story is enacted rather than narrated.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While motion-based, often reflexive, actions are required,<ref name=Puzzle2 /> the gameplay still follows a number of adventure game genre tropes (gathering items, exploration of and interaction with one's environment, often including an overworld connecting areas of importance, and puzzle-solving).<ref name="Puzzle1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While the controls are arcade-style (character movement, few action commands) there is an ultimate goal beyond a high score.<ref name=Puzzle1 /> In most action-adventure games, the player controls a single avatar as the protagonist.<ref name="fundamentals" /> This type of game is often quite similar to role-playing video games.<ref name="meg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

They are distinct from graphic adventures, which sometimes have free-moving central characters, but also a wider variety of commands and fewer or no action game elements and are distinct too from text adventures, characterized by many different commands introduced by the user via a complex text parser and no free-moving character. While they share general gameplay dynamics, action-adventures vary widely in the design of their viewpoints, including bird's eye, side-scrolling, first-person, third-person, over-the-shoulder, or even a 3/4 isometric view.

Many action-adventure games simulate a conversation through a conversation tree. When the player encounters a non-player character, they are allowed to select a choice of what to say. The NPC gives a scripted response to the player, and the game offers the player several new ways to respond.Template:Citation needed

Due to the action-adventure subgenre's broad and inclusive nature, it causes some players to have difficulty finishing a particular game. Companies have devised ways to give the player help, such as offering clues or allowing the player to skip puzzles to compensate for this lack of ability.<ref name=Puzzle3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

1979–1988

Brett Weiss cites Atari's Superman (1979) as an action-adventure game,<ref name="weiss">Template:Cite book</ref> with Retro Gamer crediting it as the "first to utilize multiple screens as playing area".<ref name="retgamer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mark J.P. Wolf credits Adventure (1980) for the Atari VCS as the earliest-known action-adventure game.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The game involves exploring a 2D environment, finding and using items which each have prescribed abilities, and fighting dragons in real-time like in an action game.<ref name=justadventure /> Muse Software's Castle Wolfenstein (1981) was another early action-adventure game, merging exploration, combat, stealth,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and maze game elements,<ref name="Maynard">Template:Cite book</ref> drawing inspiration from arcade shoot 'em ups and maze games (such as maze-shooter Berzerk) and war films (such as The Guns of Navarone).<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

According to Wizardry developer Roe R. Adams, early action-adventure games "were basically arcade games done in a fantasy" setting.<ref name="CGW76">Template:Citation</ref> Tutankham, debuted by Konami in January 1982,<ref name="GM194">Template:Cite magazine</ref> was an action-adventure released for arcades.<ref name="Retro">Template:Cite magazine</ref> It combined maze, shoot 'em up, puzzle-solving and adventure elements,<ref name="CVG"/><ref name="weiss"/><ref name="Video">Template:Cite magazine</ref> with a 1983 review by Computer and Video Games magazine calling it "the first game that effectively combined the elements of an adventure game with frenetic shoot 'em up gameplay."<ref name="CVG">Template:Cite magazine</ref> It inspired the similar Time Bandit (1983).<ref name="legend">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Action Quest, released in May 1982, blended puzzle elements of adventure games into a joystick-controlled, arcade-style action game, which surprised reviewers at the time.<ref name="anderson">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=ca>Template:Cite book</ref>

While noting some similarities to Adventure, IGN argues that The Legend of Zelda (1986) by Nintendo "helped to establish a new subgenre of action-adventure", becoming a success due to how it combined elements from different genres to create a compelling hybrid, including exploration, adventure-style inventory puzzles, an action component, a monetary system, and simplified RPG-style level building without the experience points.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Legend of Zelda series was the most prolific action-adventure game franchise through to the 2000s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Roe R. Adams also cited the arcade-style side-scrolling fantasy games Castlevania (1986), Trojan (1986) and Wizards & Warriors (1987) as early examples of action-adventure games.<ref name="CGW76"/>

Games like Brain Breaker (1985), Xanadu (1985), Metroid (1986) and Vampire Killer (1986) combined a side-scrolling platformer format with adventure exploration, creating the Metroidvania platform-adventure subgenre. Similarly, games like 005 (1981), Castle Wolfenstein and Metal Gear (1987) combined action-adventure exploration with stealth mechanics, laying the foundations for the stealth game subgenre, which would later be popularized in 1998 with the releases of Metal Gear Solid, Tenchu: Stealth Assassins, and Thief: The Dark Project.

1989–present

The cinematic platformer Prince of Persia (1989) featured action-adventure elements, inspiring games such as Another World (1991) and Flashback (1992). Alone in the Dark (1992) used 3D graphics, which would later be popularized by Resident Evil (1996) and Tomb Raider (1996). Resident Evil in particular created the survival horror subgenre, inspiring titles such as Silent Hill (1999) and Fatal Frame (2001).<ref name=justadventure />

Action-adventure games have gone on to become more popular than the pure adventure games and pure platform games that inspired them.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Recent examples include the Uncharted franchise, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Ark: Survival Evolved.

External links

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