Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Tabebuia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae.<ref name="fischer2004">Eberhard Fischer, Inge Theisen, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2004. "Bignoniaceae". pages 9-38. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. Template:ISBN</ref> Tabebuia consists almost entirely of trees, but a few are often large shrubs. A few species produce timber, but the genus is mostly known for those that are cultivated as flowering trees.<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. Template:ISBN</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The genus name is derived from the Tupi words for "ant" and "wood", referring to the fact that many Tabebuia species have twigs with soft pith which forms hollows within which ants live, defending the trees from other herbivores. The ants are attracted to the plants by special extra-floral nectar glands on at the apex of the petioles.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The common name "roble" is sometimes found in English. Tabebuias have been called "trumpet trees", but this name is usually applied to other trees and has become a source of confusion and misidentification.
DistributionEdit
Tabebuia is native to the American tropics and subtropics from Mexico and the Caribbean to Argentina. Most of the species known are from the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola.<ref name="grose2007phylogeny">Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Evolution of a Charismatic Neotropical Clade: Molecular Phylogeny of Tabebuia s.l., Crescentieae, and Allied Genera (Bignoniaceae)". Systematic Botany 32(3):650-659. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> It is commonly cultivated and often naturalized or adventive beyond its natural range. It easily escapes cultivation because of its numerous, air-borne seeds.<ref name="staples2005">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA. Template:ISBN</ref>
TaxonomyEdit
In 1992, a revision of Tabebuia described 99 species and one hybrid.<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> Phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences later showed that Tabebuia, as then circumscribed, was polyphyletic.<ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> In 2007, it was divided into three separate genera.<ref name="grose2007revisions">Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s.l. (Bignoniaceae)". Systematic Botany 32(3):660-670. {{#invoke:doi|main}} (See External links below).</ref> Primavera (Roseodendron donnell-smithii) and a related species with no unique common name (Roseodendron chryseum) were transferred to Roseodendron. Those species known as ipê and pau d'arco (in Portuguese) or poui were transferred to Handroanthus. Sixty-seven species remained in Tabebuia. The former genus and polyphyletic group of 99 species described by Gentry in 1992 is now usually referred to as "Tabebuia sensu lato".<ref name="grose2007revisions"/>
SpeciesEdit
All of the species in the first two columns below were recognized and described by Gentry in 1992.<ref name="gentry1992fn">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tribe Tecomeae)". Flora Neotropica Monograph 25(part 2):1-150.</ref> Listed in the third column are species names that have been used recently, but were not accepted by Gentry. The currently accepted synonym for each is in parentheses.
Some recently used names in Tabebuia that were not recognized by Gentry are not listed in the third column below because they apply to species that are now in Handroanthus. Tabebuia spectabilis is an obsolete name for Handroanthus chrysanthus subsp. meridionalis. Tabebuia ecuadorensis is now synonymized under Handroanthus billbergii. Tabebuia heteropoda is now synonymized under Handroanthus ochraceus.
No species that is now assigned to Roseodendron or to Handroanthus is listed below.
Authorities are cited for some of the names below. These can be found in Gentry (1992)<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> or at the International Plant Names Index.<ref name="ipnitabebuia">Tabebuia in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).</ref>
Taxonomic historyEdit
The name Tabebuia entered the botanical literature in 1803, when António Bernardino Gomes used it as a common name for Tabebuia uliginosa, now a synonym for Tabebuia cassinoides, which he described as a species of Bignonia.<ref name="gomes1803">Antonio B. Gomes. 1803. Observationes Botanico-medicae de Nonnullis Brasiliae Plantis. Lisbon.</ref> Tabebuia is an abbreviation of "tacyba bebuya", a Tupi name meaning "ant wood".<ref name="gentry1969">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1969. "Tabebuia, the tortuous history of a generic name (Bignoniaceae)". Taxon 18(6):635-642.</ref> Among the Indigenous peoples in Brazil, similar names exist for various species of Tabebuia.<ref>Template:Cite book (See External links below).</ref>
Tabebuia was first used as a generic name by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1838.<ref name="ipnitabebuia"/><ref name="decandolle1838">Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. 1838. "Revue sommaire de la famille des Bignoniaceae". Bibliotheque Universelle de Genève, series 2, 17:130.</ref> The type species for the genus is Tabebuia uliginosa, which is now a synonym for Tabebuia cassinoides.<ref name="ingtabebuia">Tabebuia In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).</ref> Confusion soon ensued over the meaning of Tabebuia and what to include within it. Most of the misunderstanding was cleared up by Nathaniel Lord Britton in 1915.<ref name="britton1915">Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1915. "Studies of West Indian plants". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 42(7):372-379.</ref> Britton revived the concept of Tabebuia that had been originated in 1876 by Bentham and Hooker, consisting of species with either simple or palmately compound leaves.<ref name="b&h1876">George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See External links below).</ref> Similar plants with pinnately compound leaves were placed in Tecoma. This is the concept of Tabebuia that was usually followed until 2007.
The genus Roseodendron was established by Faustino Miranda González in 1965 for the two species now known as Roseodendron donnell-smithii and Roseodendron chryseum.<ref name="miranda1965">Faustino Miranda-Gonzalez. 1965. "Estudios acerca de arboles y arbustos de America Tropical principamente de Mexico". Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico 29( ):34-49.</ref> These species had been placed in Cybistax by Russell J. Seibert in 1940,<ref name="seibert1940b">Russell J. Seibert. 1940. "New names in Cybistax and Tabebuia". Tropical Woods 63:7-8.</ref> but were returned to Tabebuia by Alwyn H. Gentry in 1992.<ref name="gentry1992fn"/>
Handroanthus was established by Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos in 1970.<ref name="mattos1970">Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos. 1970. "Handroanthus, Um novo gênero para os "ipês" do Brasil". Loefgrenia 50(?):1-4.</ref> Gentry did not agree with the segregation of Handroanthus from Tabebuia and warned against "succumbing to further paroxysms of unwarranted splitting".<ref name="gentry1972">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1972. "Handroanthus (Bignoniaceae): A critique". Taxon 21(1):113-114.</ref> In 1992, Gentry published a revision of Tabebuia in Flora Neotropica, in which he described 99 species and one hybrid, including those species placed by some authors in Roseodendron or Handroanthus.<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> Gentry divided Tabebuia into ten "species groups", some of them intentionally artificial. Tabebuia, as currently circumscribed, consists of groups 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Group 1 is now the genus Roseodendron. Groups 3, 4, and 5 compose the genus Handroanthus.
In 2007, a molecular phylogenetic study found Handroanthus to be closer to a certain group of four genera than to Tabebuia.<ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> This group consists of Spirotecoma, Parmentiera, Crescentia, and Amphitecna. A phylogenetic tree can be seen at Bignoniaceae. Handroanthus was duly resurrected and 30 species were assigned to it, with species boundaries the same as those of Gentry (1992).
Roseodendron was resolved as sister to a clade consisting of Handroanthus and four other genera. This result had only weak statistical support, but Roseodendron clearly did not group with the remainder of Tabebuia. Consequently, Roseodendron was resurrected in its original form.<ref name="grose2007revisions"/> The remaining 67 species of Tabebuia formed a strongly supported clade that is sister to Ekmanianthe, a genus of two species from Cuba and Hispaniola. Tabebuia had been traditionally placed in the tribe Tecomeae, but that tribe is now defined much more narrowly than it had been, and it now excludes Tabebuia.<ref name="olmstead2009">Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, and Andrew J. Eckert. 2009. "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". American Journal of Botany 96(9):1731-1743. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> Tabebuia is now one of 12 to 14 genera belonging to a group that is informally called the Tabebuia alliance. This group has not been placed at any particular taxonomic rank.
Cladistic analysis of DNA data has strongly supported Tabebuia by Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony. Such studies have so far revealed almost nothing about relationships within the genus, placing nearly all of the sampled species in a large polytomy.
DescriptionEdit
The description below is excerpted from Grose and Olmstead (2007).<ref name="grose2007revisions"/>
- Trees or shrubs. Evergreen or dry season deciduous.
- Wood lacking lapachol; not especially dense or hard. Heartwood light brown to reddish brown, not distinct from sapwood.
- Leaves sometimes simple; usually palmately 3 to 7(9)-foliate; with stalked or sessile lepidote scales.
- Inflorescences usually few-flowered panicles, dichotomously branching, without a well-developed, central rachis.
- Calyx coriaceous, spathaceous; irregularly 2 to 3-labiate, rarely 5-dentate.
- Corolla yellow in two species (T. aurea and T. nodosa); otherwise white to pink, rarely red, often with a yellow throat.
- Stamens didynamous; staminode small.
- Ovary linear, bilocular.
- Ovules in two or three series in each locule.
- Fruit a dehiscent capsule, usually linear, sometimes ribbed, glabrous except for lepidote scales.
- Seeds thin, with two wings; wings hyaline, membranaceous, and sharply demarcated from the seed body.
Tabebuia is distinguished from Handroanthus by wood that is not especially hard or heavy, and not abruptly divided into heartwood and sapwood. Lapachol is absent. Scales are present, but no hair. The calyx is usually spathaceous in Tabebuia, but never so in Handroanthus. Only two species of Tabebuia are yellow-flowered, but most species of Handroanthus are.
Unlike Roseodendron, the calyx of Tabebuia is always distinctly harder and thicker than the corolla. Tabebuia always has a dichotomously branched inflorescence; never a central rachis as in Roseodendron. Some species of Tabebuia have ribbed fruit, but not as conspicuously so as the two species of Roseodendron.
UsesEdit
The wood of Tabebuia is light to medium in weight. Tabebuia rosea (including T. pentaphylla) is an important timber tree of tropical America.<ref name="record1940">Samuel J. Record and Robert W. Hess. 1940. "American timbers of the family Bignoniaceae". Tropical Woods 63:9-38.</ref> Tabebuia heterophylla and Tabebuia angustata are the most important timber trees of some of the Caribbean islands. Their wood is of medium weight and is exceptionally durable in contact with salt water.<ref name="gentry1992ambg">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79(1):53-64.</ref>
The swamp species of Tabebuia have wood that is unusually light in weight. The most prominent example of these is Tabebuia cassinoides. Its roots produce a soft and spongy wood that is used for floats, razor strops, and the inner soles of shoes.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>
In spite of its use for lumber, Tabebuia is best known as an ornamental flowering tree. Tabebuia aurea, Tabebuia rosea, Tabebuia pallida, Tabebuia berteroi, and Tabebuia heterophylla are cultivated throughout the tropics for their showy flowers.<ref name="staples2005"/> Tabebuia dubia, Tabebuia haemantha, Tabebuia obtusifolia, Tabebuia nodosa, and Tabebuia roseo-alba are also known in cultivation and are sometimes locally abundant.<ref name="rhs">Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. Template:ISBN (set).</ref>
Some species of Tabebuia have been grown as honey plants by beekeepers.<ref name="revista2005">Template:Aut (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22(1): 51–59. {{#invoke:doi|main}} PDF fulltext</ref>
EcologyEdit
The nectar of Tabebuia flowers is an important food source for several species of bees and hummingbirds.<ref name="revista2005"/>
SymbolismEdit
Tabebuia rosea is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela.
Gallery of Tabebuia flowersEdit
- Tabebuia caraiba.JPG
- Tabebuia rosealba flowers1.jpg
- Castle in bloom (2351687460).jpg
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Template:Aut (1992): Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil.
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- HTML fulltext Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
- CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Botany & Plant Science Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Life Science Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: CRC Press
- Tabebuia Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Plant Names Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: IPNI
- Tabebuia Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Index Nominum Genericorum Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: References Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: NMNH Department of Botany Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Research and Collections Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
- Molecular Phylogeny of Tabebuia and Allied Genera Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: PDF Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">In: Volume 32, Issue 3 Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: List of Issues
- Template:Aut (2007): Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae). In: Systematic Botany, volume 32, issue 3, pp. 660–670.
- Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae)
- Bignoniaceae Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">In: Genera Plantarum vol. 2 part 2 (Bentham & Hooker) Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: View Record Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Titles beginning with "G" Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Titles Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Bignoniaceae At: Advanced Search At: Search Tool At: iplants
- Tabebuia (exact) Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Names At: Tropicos At: Science and Conservation At: Missouri Botanical Garden
- Species Records At: Tabebuia At: List of Genera At: Bignoniaceae At: List of Families Template:Webarchive At: Families and Genera in GRIN Template:Webarchive At: Queries At: GRIN taxonomy for plants Template:Webarchive
- Digitifolieae Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Bignoniaceae Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Lamiales Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: lamiids Template:Ifsubst style="color:violet">In: ··· Embryophyta Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Streptophytina Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Streptophyta Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Viridiplantae Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Eukaryota Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: Taxonomy Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">At: UniProt