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Template:Use dmy dates Template:Russianterm An apparatchik (Template:Langx) was a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the Soviet government apparat (аппарат, apparatus), someone who held any position of bureaucratic or political responsibility, with the exception of the higher ranks of management called nomenklatura. James Billington describes an apparatchik as "a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred carefully executed details."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The term is often considered derogatory, with negative connotations in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Members of the apparat (apparatchiks or apparatchiki) were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Not all apparatchiks held lifelong positions. Many only entered such positions in middle age.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They were known to receive various benefits including free holiday vouchers, free meals and accommodation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Today apparatchik is also used in contexts other than that of the Soviet Union or communist countries. According to Collins English Dictionary the word can mean "an official or bureaucrat in any organization".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary, the term was also used in the meaning "Communist agent or spy", originating in the writings of Arthur Koestler, Template:Circa 1941.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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