Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:IPA notice In Semitic linguistics, an emphatic consonant is an obstruent consonant which originally contrasted, and often still contrasts, with an analogous voiced or voiceless obstruent by means of a secondary articulation. In specific Semitic languages, the members of the emphatic series may be realized as uvularized, pharyngealized, velarized or ejective, or by plain voicing contrast; for instance, in Arabic, emphasis involves retraction of the dorsum (or root) of the tongue, which has variously been described as velarization or pharyngealization depending on where the locus of the retraction is assumed to be. The term is also used, to a lesser extent, to describe cognate series in other Afro-Asiatic languages, where they are typically realized as ejective, implosive or pharyngealized consonants.
In Semitic studies, emphatic consonants are commonly transcribed using the convention of placing a dot under the closest plain consonant in the Latin alphabet. However, exceptions exist: original emphatic Template:Transliteration developed into Template:IPAslink in most Semitic languages; strictly speaking, it has thus ceased to be an emphatic version of Template:Transliteration and has become a different consonant, being most commonly transcribed as Template:Transliteration (rather than Template:Transliteration) accordingly.
Within Arabic, the four emphatic consonants vary in phonetic realization from dialect to dialect, but are typically realized as pharyngealized consonants. In Ethiopian Semitic and Modern South Arabian languages, they are realized as ejective consonants. While these sounds do not necessarily share any particular phonetic properties in common, most historically derive from a common source.
Five such "emphatic" phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic:
An additional emphatic phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Central Jibbali) occurs in all the Modern South Arabian languages. There are few occurrences of it and the phoneme never appears in the same words in the six MSAL (Mehri, Soqotri, Shehri (Jibbali), Harsusi, Hobyot, and Bathari),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in a few occurrences, no phonological explanation can be given to its occurrence, but it appears to be connected to different phonological developments:
- From Proto-Semitic Template:Transliteration Template:IPAblink: Mehri {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Hobyot from Hedemet {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Harsusi {{#invoke:IPA|main}} vs. Jibbali {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Hobyot from Hawf {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Soqotri {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Arabic {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; meaning 'finger'.
- From Proto-Semitic Template:Transliteration Template:IPAblink: Mehri {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Harsusi {{#invoke:IPA|main}} vs. Arabic {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; meaning 'frong'.
- From Proto-Semitic Template:Transliteration Template:IPAblink: Jibbali {{#invoke:IPA|main}} vs. Mehri {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Arabic {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; meaning ‘judgment day’.
An extra emphatic labial Template:Transliteration occurs in some Semitic languages, but it is unclear whether it was a phoneme in Proto-Semitic.
- The classical Ethiopian Semitic language Geʽez is unique among Semitic languages for contrasting all three of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. While {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occur mostly in loanwords (especially from Greek), there are many other occurrences whose origin is less clear (such as Template:Transliteration 'strike', Template:Transliteration 'wash clothes').<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- According to Hetzron, Hebrew developedTemplate:When an emphatic labial phoneme Template:Transliteration to represent unaspirated {{#invoke:IPA|main}} from Persian and Greek; this phoneme is not attested in Hebrew orthography.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
General Modern Israeli Hebrew and Maltese are notable exceptions among Semitic languages to the presence of emphatic consonants. In both languages, they have been lost under the influence of Indo-European languages (chiefly Yiddish and Sicilian, respectively, though other languages may also have had an influence; see revival of the Hebrew language).
- In Hebrew, the letter tsadi (from Proto-Semitic Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration) remains distinct, but has been replaced by a non-pharygealized affricate Template:IPAslink. Emphatic Template:Transliteration has been merged with plain Template:Transliteration in non-lenited positions, but remains distinct post-vocally, where the plain consonant becomes Template:IPAslink (phonetically Template:IPAblink), while the original emphatic does not. Semitic Template:Transliteration has been fully merged with plain Template:Transliteration.
- In Maltese, only emphatic Template:Transliteration (spelled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) remains distinct. It is still realised as a uvular stop Template:IPAblink in a few villages but has otherwise developed into a glottal consonant stop Template:IPAblink. All other emphatics have been merged into plain consonants. However, they are often still recognizable from special vocalic developments that they triggered before the mergers: compare {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Gloss, from Arabic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration) with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Gloss, from Arabic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration). The emphatic Template:Transliteration prevented the Template:Transliteration from being raised to Template:Transliteration as it did with the plain Template:Transliteration).