Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Redirect Template:Redirect Template:Human-centric Template:Infobox anatomy The face is the front of the head that features the eyes, nose and mouth, and through which animals express many of their emotions.<ref name="Moore">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Scotland Governement Year of Discovery 2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The face is crucial for human identity, and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities may affect the psyche adversely.<ref name="Moore" />
StructureEdit
The front of the human head is called the face. It includes several distinct areas,<ref>Face | Define Face at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref> of which the main features are:
- The forehead, comprising the skin beneath the hairline, bordered laterally by the temples and inferiorly by eyebrows and ears
- The eyes, sitting in the orbit and protected by eyelids and eyelashes
- The distinctive human nose shape, nostrils, and nasal septum
- The cheeks, covering the maxilla and mandible (or jaw), the extremity of which is the chin
- The mouth, with the upper lip divided by the philtrum, sometimes revealing the teeth
Facial appearance is vital for human recognition and communication. Facial muscles in humans allow expression of emotions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The face is itself a highly sensitive region of the human body and its expression may change when the brain is stimulated by any of the many human senses, such as touch, temperature, smell, taste, hearing, movement, hunger, or visual stimuli.<ref>Anatomy of the Face and Head Underlying Facial Expression Template:Webarchive. Face-and-emotion.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref>
VariabilityEdit
The face is the feature which best distinguishes a person. Specialized regions of the human brain, such as the fusiform face area (FFA), enable facial recognition; when these are damaged, it may be impossible to recognize faces even of intimate family members. The pattern of specific organs, such as the eyes, or of parts of them, is used in biometric identification to uniquely identify individuals.
ShapeEdit
Template:Multiple image The shape of the face is influenced by the bone-structure of the skull, and each face is unique through the anatomical variation present in the bones of the viscerocranium (and neurocranium).<ref name="Moore" /> The bones involved in shaping the face are mainly the maxilla, mandible, nasal bone, zygomatic bone, and frontal bone. Also important are various soft tissues, such as fat, hair and skin (of which color may vary).<ref name="Moore" />
The face changes over time, and features common in children or babies, such as prominent buccal fat-pads disappear over time, their role in the infant being to stabilize the cheeks during suckling. While the buccal fat-pads often diminish in size, the prominence of bones increase with age as they grow and develop.<ref name="Moore" />
Facial shape – such as facial symmetry – is an important determinant of beauty.
Other characteristicsEdit
Visible variable features of the face other than shapes and proportions include color (paleness, sun tan and genetic default pigmentation), hair (length, color, loss, graying), wrinkles,<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0008021"/><ref name="10.1111/ics.12128"/> facial hair (e.g. beards), skin sagging,<ref name="10.1111/ics.12128"/> discolorations<ref name="10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z"/> (dark spots,<ref name="10.1111/ics.12128"/> freckles and eye circles<ref name="10.1111/ics.12128"/>), pore-variabilities,<ref name="10.1117/12.975404"/> skin blemishes (pimples, scars, burn marks). Many of these features can also vary over time due to aging,<ref name="10.1111/ics.12128">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0008021"/><ref name="10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z">Template:Cite journal</ref> skin care, nutrition,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.002"/><ref name="10.3892/etm.2019.8342">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the exposome<ref name="10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015">Template:Cite journal</ref> (such as harmful substances of the general environment,<ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614"/><ref name="10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015"/> workplace and cosmetics), psychological factors,<ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614"/> and behavior (such as smoking,<ref name="10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015"/> sleep,<ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614"/> physical activity and sun damage<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0008021"/><ref name="10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z"/><ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614"/>).
Mechanisms underlying these include changes related to peptides (notably collagen),<ref name="10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z"/><ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614"/> inflammation,<ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614"/><ref name="10.3892/etm.2019.8342"/> production of various proteins (notably elastin and other ECM proteins),<ref name="10.3892/etm.2019.8342"/> the structure of subcutaneous tissue,<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0008021">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z"/> hormones,<ref name="10.1111/jdv.16614"/> fibers (such as elastic fibers or elasticity)<ref name="10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z"/> and the skin barrier.<ref name="10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015"/>
The desire of many to look young for their age and/or attractive<ref name="10.1111/ics.12128"/> has led to the establishment of a large cosmetics industry,<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0008021"/> which is largely concerned with make-up that is applied on top of the skin (topically) to temporarily change appearance but it or dermatology also develop anti-aging products (and related products and procedures) that in some cases affect underlying biology and are partly applied preventively.<ref name="10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.002"/> Facial traits are also used in biometrics<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and there have been attempts at reproducible quantifications.<ref name="10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z"/><ref name="10.1117/12.975404">Template:Cite journal</ref> Skin health is considered a major factor in human well-being and the perception of health in humans.<ref name="10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.002">Template:Cite journal</ref>
GeneticsEdit
Genes are a major factor in the particular appearance of a person's face with the high similarity of faces of identical twins indicating that most of facial variability is determined genetically.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Studies have identified genes and gene regions determining face shape and differences in various facial features. A 2021 study found that a version of a gene associated with lip thickness – possibly selected for due to adaption to cold climate via fat distribution – introgressed from ancient humans – Denisovans – into the modern humans Native Americans.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another study found look-alike humans (doppelgängers) have genetic similarities, sharing genes affecting not only the face but also some phenotypes of physique and behavior.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A study identified genes controlling the shape of the nose and chin.<ref>Template:Cite journal
- University press release: Template:Cite news</ref> Biological databases may be used to aggregate and discover associations between facial phenotypes and genes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
FunctionEdit
Emotional expressionEdit
Faces are essential to expressing emotion, consciously or unconsciously. A frown denotes disapproval; a smile usually means someone is pleased. Being able to read emotion in another's face is "the fundamental basis for empathy and the ability to interpret a person's reactions and predict the probability of ensuing behaviors". One study used the Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test<ref>Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test (MERT) | Swiss Center for Affective Sciences Template:Webarchive. Affective-sciences.org. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref> to attempt to determine how to measure emotion. This research aimed at using a measuring device to accomplish what many people do every day: read emotion in a face.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The muscles of the face play a prominent role in the expression of emotion,<ref name="Moore" /> and vary among different individuals, giving rise to additional diversity in expression and facial features.<ref name="Braus 1921">Template:Cite book</ref>
People are also relatively good at determining if a smile is real or fake. A recent study looked at individuals judging forced and genuine smiles. While young and elderly participants equally could tell the difference for smiling young people, the "older adult participants outperformed young adult participants in distinguishing between posed and spontaneous smiles".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This suggests that with experience and age, we become more accurate at perceiving true emotions across various age groups.
Perception and recognitionEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Gestalt psychologists theorize that a face is not merely a set of facial features, but is rather something meaningful in its form. This is consistent with the Gestalt theory that an image is seen in its entirety, not by its individual parts. According to Gary L. Allen, people adapted to respond more to faces during evolution as the natural result of being a social species. Allen suggests that the purpose of recognizing faces has its roots in the "parent-infant attraction, a quick and low-effort means by which parents and infants form an internal representation of each other, reducing the likelihood that the parent will abandon his or her offspring because of recognition failure".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Allen's work takes a psychological perspective that combines evolutionary theories with Gestalt psychology.
Biological perspectiveEdit
Research has indicated that certain areas of the brain respond particularly well to faces. The fusiform face area, within the fusiform gyrus, is activated by faces, and it is activated differently for shy and social people. A study confirmed that "when viewing images of strangers, shy adults exhibited significantly less activation in the fusiform gyri than did social adults".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Furthermore, particular areas respond more to a face that is considered attractive, as seen in another study: "Facial beauty evokes a widely distributed neural network involving perceptual, decision-making and reward circuits. In those experiments, the perceptual response across FFA and LOC remained present even when subjects were not attending explicitly to facial beauty".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Society and cultureEdit
Cosmetic surgeryEdit
Cosmetic surgery can be used to alter the appearance of the facial features.<ref>Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery: MedlinePlus. Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref> Maxillofacial surgery may also be used in cases of facial trauma, injury to the face and skin diseases. Severely disfigured individuals have recently received full face transplants and partial transplants of skin and muscle tissue.<ref>Face Transplant Surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital</ref>
CaricaturesEdit
Caricatures often exaggerate facial features to make a face more easily recognized in association with a pronounced portion of the face of the individual in question—for example, a caricature of Osama bin Laden might focus on his facial hair and nose; a caricature of George W. Bush might enlarge his ears to the size of an elephant's; a caricature of Jay Leno may pronounce his head and chin; and a caricature of Mick Jagger might enlarge his lips. Exaggeration of memorable features helps people to recognize others when presented in a caricature form.<ref>information about caricatures Template:Webarchive. Edu.dudley.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref>
MetaphorEdit
By extension, anything which is the forward or world-facing part of a system which has internal structure is considered its "face", like the façade of a building. For example, a public relations or press officer might be called the "face" of the organization he or she represents. "Face" is also used metaphorically in a sociological context to refer to reputation or standing in society, particularly Chinese society,<ref>Template:Cite journal: "The concept of face is, of course, Chinese in origin".</ref> and is spoken of as a resource which can be won or lost. Because of the association with individuality, the anonymous person is sometimes referred to as "faceless".
See alsoEdit
Template:Div col end Template:Sister project Template:Sister project