Template:Short description In the Hungarian language the essive-formal case or formative case<ref name=ekiss>Referred to as formativus by É. Kiss, Katalin(profile)–Kiefer, Ferenc(cv)–Siptár, Péter. Új magyar nyelvtan. Template:ISBN, p. 202 (204 in the online PDF)</ref><ref name=kiefer1>Referred to as formativus by Kiefer, Ferenc(cv): 3.9.3. Az esetragok (‘Case Suffixes’). In: Kiefer, Ferenc (ed.), Magyar nyelv ‘Hungarian Language’. Akadémiai Kiadó. Online publication: 2015. Print publication: 2006. Template:ISBN</ref><ref name=kiefer2>Referred to as formativus by Kiefer, Ferenc: A ragozás (‘Suffixation’ or ‘Inflection’ or ‘Conjugation and Declension’), 10.3.1. Az esetragok (‘Case Suffixes’). In: Kiefer, Ferenc (ed.). Strukturális magyar nyelvtan (‘Structural Grammar of Hungarian’) Vol. 3. Morfológia (‘Morphology’). Akadémiai Kiadó. Online publication: 2018. Template:ISBN</ref> can be viewed as combining an essive case and a formal case, and it can express the position, task, state (e.g. "as a tourist"), or the manner (e.g. "like a hunted animal").
Grammatical status: case vs. adverb-forming suffixEdit
Some earlier analyses of the Hungarian case system, such as László Antal's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1961) did not consider the essive-formal to be a case, and disputed the status of the suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the declension system. One reason for this was that while Hungarian case suffixes are absolute word-final, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} permits further suffixation by the locative suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. However, this is not unique to the essive-formal; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can follow other case suffixes, for example {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, though it has become less common since the early 20th century (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Another reason was that most Hungarian case endings participate in vowel harmony, while {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} does not, possibly due to its later development.
However, the essive-formal case complies with the criterion for Hungarian cases set by modern descriptive grammars,<ref name=ekiss/><ref name=kiefer1/><ref name=kiefer2/><ref>Referred to as essivus, the same term as the one for the suffix of the essive-modal case, ending in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, though listed as a distinct item. Balogh, Judit. A névszóragozás (‘Declension’). In: Balogh et al., Magyar grammatika (‘Hungarian Grammar’), Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Piliscsév & Budapest, 2017 (Template:ISBN), pp. 197 and 201.</ref> namely that it can appear as the argument of a verb, specified in its form, such as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (’treat, handle as ...’), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (’behave as ...’), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (’graduate as ...’), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (’find employment as ...’) etc. Therefore, it is today considered as one of the 18 established and acknowledged cases in Hungarian, rather than being one of the adverb-forming suffixes, which do not comply with the criterion.
ReferencesEdit
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