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Toynbee Hall is a charitable institution that works to address the causes and impacts of poverty in the East End of London and elsewhere. Established in 1884, it is based in Commercial Street, Spitalfields, and was the first university-affiliated institution of the worldwide settlement movement—a reformist social agenda that strove to get the rich and poor to live more closely together in an interdependent community.<ref name="nytimes">Template:Cite news</ref> It was founded by Henrietta and Samuel Barnett in the economically depressed East End,<ref name="Himmelfarb">Template:Cite journal</ref> and was named in memory of their friend and fellow reformer, Oxford historian Arnold Toynbee, who had died the previous year.
Toynbee Hall continues to strive to bridge the gap between people of all social and financial backgrounds, with a focus on working towards a future without poverty.
HistoryEdit
Shortly after their marriage in 1873, Samuel Barnett and his wife, Henrietta, moved to the Whitechapel district of the East End of London.<ref name=":03">Canon and Mrs. S.A. Barnett (1909) The Beginning of Toynbee Hall</ref> Barnett was vicar of St Jude's church, where he saw poverty at first hand.<ref name="ellis">Template:Cite journal</ref> Late-Victorian Whitechapel was known for its overcrowded living spaces and high criminal activity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the area of Whitechapel alone, the mortality rate for children under the age of five was around 60% mostly due to the tight living conditions.<ref name="Abel">Template:Cite thesis</ref> Charles Booth, another social reformer, mapped London according to eight different social classes, finding that around 70% of people living in the East End were in the lowest three classes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Whitechapel was also a place where many different immigrants settled. The Great Famine of Ireland in the 19th century led to many Irish settling in Whitechapel. Also, many Jewish immigrants settled in Whitechapel after fleeing from persecution in Western Europe at the time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Barnetts used their roles in the parish to improve the Whitechapel area. They built a church library, introduced art exhibits, brought university lecturers in, and took their parishioners on excursions to the homes of the wealthy and to universities. The Barnetts also tried to encourage officials to improve sanitation and housing and to build more playgrounds and washhouses.<ref name="Abel"/> However, the attempts the Barnetts made with the parish had little effect on the East End community as a whole. The parish did not reach everyone that lived in the East End. Many of the people did not involve themselves with the established church.<ref name="Abel"/> In an effort to improve the wellbeing of the community, Barnett had the idea of sharing knowledge and culture. His proposal was to have university students come as volunteers to share their knowledge: the students would be able to help the poor, and at the same time witness poverty at first hand, and potentially develop solutions for it.<ref name="ellis"/>
In 1883, Barnett gave a lecture at St John's College, Oxford to gain support for his idea. Barnett was able to gather enough support and a committee called the "University Settlement of East London" was set up by Oxford.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> With these ideas and the support of universities, Barnett founded Toynbee Hall, the first settlement house in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Named after another social reformer, Arnold Toynbee, Toynbee Hall first opened its doors on Christmas Eve in 1884.<ref name="timeline">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Samuel Barnett was named as the first warden of the hall and Oxford and Cambridge university students came to work at the hall.<ref name="Abel"/>
By 1910 more settlement houses were founded in the United Kingdom in the areas of Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, Birmingham, Liverpool, and elsewhere in London; as well as in Holland, France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Austria, and the United States.<ref name="ellis"/> In 1911 the leaders of the social settlement movement founded the National Federation of Settlements. One of the best known settlement houses that was inspired after a visit to Toynbee Hall is Hull House in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Over time Toynbee Hall implemented many different educational community programmes. At its opening, Toynbee Hall introduced University Extension Society lectures. These lectures were taught by university professors. At the programme's peak, in the 1890s, classes were taught in over 134 topics including; literature, zoology, ethics, philosophy, etc.<ref name="Evans">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp In order to further promote education, 36 societies or clubs were created in different areas, such as, music, art, history, and science.<ref name="Evans"/> One of these societies was founded in 1889 and was called the "Toynbee Travellers". This group was created after a group of Toynbee Hall residents travelled to Belgium in 1887.<ref name="timeline"/> Toynbee Hall also began hosting Smoking Room Debates in which community members and invited speakers would come to debate issues of the day. This tradition continued for over twenty years. In 1899, the Poor Man's Lawyer service was introduced. This programme gives free legal services to those who can not afford it, and continues to the present day.<ref name="timeline"/>
The settlement movementEdit
The international settlement movement began at Toynbee Hall, where a community centre was formed that attracted university students who wished to live or "settle" among the underprivileged in London's economically depressed East End.<ref name="about">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They came, according to Samuel Barnett, "to learn, as much as to teach, to receive as much as to give".<ref name="Himmelfarb" />Template:Rp As at most settlement houses, its social workers—students from Oxford and Cambridge Universities, among others—resided at Toynbee Hall and sought thereby to get to know their neighbors and their needs on a more intimate, personal level.<ref>Article in the 'University Review' 919050, quoted in H. O. Barnett, op. cit., p.311</ref>
Toynbee Hall rejected the concept of a community centre as a location for Christian proselytisingTemplate:--as seen in the efforts of the Salvation Army. This principle is reflected in the decision to name it after the social reformer, Arnold Toynbee, who had died in 1883, aged 30. As Henrietta Barnett explained, the name would be "free from every possible savor of a mission."<ref name="Holden">Template:Cite book</ref>
From the beginning, it was non-sectarian and welcomed people of all faiths, despite having been founded by a Church of England cleric.<ref name="Himmelfarb" /> It saw its purpose as more educational than charitable, in a missionary sense. Gertrude Himmelfarb lists some of the activities offered by Toynbee Hall in a typical month: "evening classes on arithmetic, writing, drawing, citizenship, chemistry, nursing, and music (...); afternoon classes for girls on dressmaking, writing and composition, geography, bookkeeping, needlework, hygiene, reading and recitation, French, singing, cooking, and swimming; and evening sessions devoted to the discussion of legal principles and current social issues".<ref name="Himmelfarb" />Template:Rp
By 1900 there were over 100 settlements in the United States and across the UK,<ref>National Federation of Settlements Template:Webarchive accessed 10 July 2013</ref> and in 1911 the leaders of the social settlement movement founded the National Federation of Settlements.<ref>Social Welfare History website.Template:Dead link</ref>
Current activityEdit
Today, Toynbee Hall provides a range of programmes and activities, broadly broken down into: youth, the elderly, financial inclusion, debt, advice, free legal advice and community engagement.<ref name="about" />
Each year over 400 volunteers help to deliver the charity's services.
In 2006 Toynbee Hall launched Capitalise, a pan-London free debt advice service to support 20,000 people a year with their money worries. In April 2019 this service was rebranded as Debt Free London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2007 the Toynbee Studios opened in part of the building offering dance and media studios and a theatre.Template:Fact
BuildingsEdit
Toynbee Hall, the original building that houses the organisation of the same name, is located in Commercial Street, Spitalfields, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It was designed by Elijah Hoole in a Tudor-Gothic style, and was formally opened in January 1885.<ref>Briggs and Macartney 1984, pp. 1, 22–23.</ref> It was built on the site of a disused industrial school, and adjacent to the church of St Jude (built in 1845–46, but demolished in 1927).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was designated a Grade II listed building in 1973.<ref>Template:NHLE</ref> The front of the building bears a Greater London Council blue plaque, erected in 1984, commemorating Jimmy Mallon, warden 1919–54.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since its foundation, the charity has expanded from the original building into a number of extensions and other neighbouring buildings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Toynbee Hall 1902.jpg
Toynbee Hall, circa 1902
- ToynbeeHall20190312.jpg
Toynbee Hall courtyard, 2019
- Clocktower of the Toynbee Centre, Spitalfields - geograph.org.uk - 307325.jpg
An Arts and Crafts clock tower
- Dr Jimmy Mallon - blue plaque.JPG
Blue plaque commemorating Jimmy Mallon
PeopleEdit
WardensEdit
- 1884–1906 Samuel Barnett<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
- 1906–11 Thomas Edmund Harvey<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- 1914-17 John St George Currie Heath<ref>The Annual Monitor for 1919-20 being an obituary of members of the Society of Friends, Headley Bros, 1920 p 168-177</ref>
- 1919–54 James Joseph Mallon<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
- 1954–63 Arthur Eustace Morgan<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=THAR64/>
- 1963–64 Jack Catchpool<ref name=THAR64>Toynbee Hall Annual Report 1964 Template:Webarchive p.19 'Postscript' by 'W.B.B.' (Walter Birmingham) explore.toynbeehall.org.uk, accessed 15 February 2020</ref>
- 1964–72 Walter Birmingham<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 1972–76 Anthony Locke
- 1977–87 Donald Piers Chesworth<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- 1987–92 Alan Lee Williams OBE
- 1992–98 Alan Prescott
- 1998–2008 Revd Professor Luke Geoghegan
- 2008–17 Graham Fisher
- 2017–22 James Minton
- 2023– Rebecca Sycamore
Chair of trusteesEdit
- 1884–96 Philip Lyttelton Gell, first chairman<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Charles Alfred Elliott<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
- 1911–25 Alfred Milner
- 1933–45 Cosmo Lang<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- 1966 Lord Blakenham<ref name="hundred">Briggs and Macartney 1984, p. 155.</ref>
- 1982–5 John Profumo<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
- 1985–90 Sir Harold Atcherley
- 1990–2002 Roger Harrison<ref>ashoka.org, Board of Directors. Template:Webarchive</ref>
- 2002–2009 Christopher Coombe
- 2009–2015 Ben Rowland<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- 2015–2022 Julian Corner
- 2022– Steven Burns<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Notable associated peopleEdit
- Toynbee residents included R. H. Tawney and Clement Attlee.
- William Beveridge began his career by working as Sub-Warden at Toynbee Hall from 1903 to 1905.
- Visitors to Toynbee Hall included Lenin and Guglielmo Marconi. The latter made the first public presentation of his wireless invention in Toynbee Hall on 12 December 1896.<ref name="Larson">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Lionel Ellis (1885–1970), the military historian, was an Associate Warden of Toynbee Hall after the Second World War.<ref>Social Service: A Quarterly Review, Volumes 27–28 (1953), p. 1: "For the Well-Being of Mankind, Lionel F. Ellis, C.V.O., C.B.E., D.S.O. Associate Warden, Toynbee Hall".</ref> Between the two World Wars, he had been General Secretary of the National Council of Social Service and then Secretary of the National Fitness Council.
- John Profumo dedicated much of his time to the Hall from the 1960s onwards after the Profumo affair forced him out of politics.
- Social reformers from the United States, such as Jane Addams and Gaylord Starin White, visited Toynbee Hall, which inspired their work to establish Hull House in Chicago and Union Settlement in New York City, respectively.
- Sir Nicolas Bratza, was a volunteer at Toynbee Hall's Free Legal Advice Centre in the 1970s. He went on to become the President of the European Court of Human Rights from November 2011 to October 2012. In 2014, Sir Nicolas became an Ambassador for Toynbee Hall.
- Marie-Jeanne Bassot visited Hull House, which inspired her establishment of la Résidence sociale in Levallois-Perret (France).
Associated organisationsEdit
- Charles Robert Ashbee created his Guild of Handicraft whilst a resident at Toynbee Hall in the late 1880s.
- The Whitechapel Art Gallery (founded 1901) grew out of annual free art exhibitions organised by Henrietta Barnett.
- The Workers Educational Association (WEA) was founded here in 1903.
- Child Poverty Action Group was founded at a meeting held at Toynbee Hall in 1965.
- Stepney Children's Fund
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite news (on the opening of the new Toynbee Studios)
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
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External linksEdit
- Template:Official website
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- Toynbee Art Club Website for the club that was established in 1886 by C. R. Ashbee during his residence at Toynbee Hall.
- LinkAge Plus Toynbee Hall page on LinkAge Plus site.