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Elliot Aronson

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Elliot Aronson (born January 9, 1932) is an American psychologist who has carried out experiments on the theory of cognitive dissonance and invented the Jigsaw Classroom, a cooperative teaching technique that facilitates learning while reducing interethnic hostility and prejudice. In his 1972 social psychology textbook, The Social Animal, he stated Aronson's First Law: "People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy", thus asserting the importance of situational factors in bizarre behavior. He is the only person in the 120-year history of the American Psychological Association to have won all three of its major awards: for writing, for teaching, and for research.<ref name="f_intro">Template:Citation</ref> In 2007, he received the William James Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Association for Psychological Science, in which he was cited as the scientist who "fundamentally changed the way we look at everyday life".<ref>William James Fellow Award – Elliot Aronson Template:Webarchive (Association for Psychological Science) Accessed 2009-07-19</ref> A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Aronson as the 78th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He officially retired in 1994 but continues to teach and write.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Early life and educationEdit

Aronson grew up in extreme poverty in Revere, Massachusetts, during the Great Depression. His was the only Jewish family in the neighborhood, and it was not rare for Aronson to be bullied on the way home from Hebrew school by anti-Semitic gangs. He believes that every life's progress is based on a combination of luck, opportunity, talent, and intuition.<ref>Chibnall, John T., "Elliot Aronson and the life of becoming.", American Psychological Association, date</ref> Although his high school grades were mediocre, his SAT scores were high enough to earn him a work-study scholarship at Brandeis University.<ref name=autobiog />

Influenced by his father, he began his college career majoring in economics. However, he promptly changed his major to psychology after accidentally wandering into an Introductory Psychology lecture taught by Abraham Maslow.<ref name="American Psychologist 1999 pg. 873-875">American Psychologist (November 1999), 54 (11), pg. 873-875</ref> After attending this lecture, he realized that there was an entire science devoted to exploring the kinds of questions that had intrigued him as a child.<ref name="American Psychologist 1999 pg. 873-875"/> His undergraduate years at Brandeis brought him closer to a number of respected psychologists, but Maslow was his primary mentor and had the biggest impact on his early academic career.<ref name="American Psychologist 1999 pg. 873-875"/>

Aronson earned his bachelor's degree from Brandeis in 1954. He went on to earn a master's degree from Wesleyan University in 1956, where he worked with David McClelland, and a Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University in 1959, where his doctoral advisor and mentor was the experimental social psychologist Leon Festinger.<ref name="autobiog">Aronson, E. (2010). Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist. New York: Basic Books. Template:ISBN</ref><ref name=bdp />

Professional historyEdit

Aronson has taught at Harvard University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Texas, and the University of California, Santa Cruz. He also served as distinguished visiting professor at Stanford University.<ref name="Aronson2002">Template:Citation</ref> He was included in a list of the 100 most influential psychologists of the 20th century published by the Review of General Psychology.<ref name="top100">Template:Cite journal</ref> He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and won the William James Award from the Association for Psychological Science for his lifetime achievements.<ref name="mcnulty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His honors include distinguished research awards from the American Psychological Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. He also won the Gordon Allport Prize for his work on reducing prejudice.<ref name="f_awards" /> In 1981 he was one of five academics awarded "Professor of the Year" by the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education.<ref name="ljw">Template:Cite news</ref>

Research topicsEdit

Cognitive dissonanceEdit

Aronson's interests and research have paid particular attention to the theory of cognitive dissonance.<ref>Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Aronson advanced Festinger's theory by showing that it is most powerful when the self-concept is involved; see Tavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2007), Mistakes were made (but not by ME): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</ref> Aronson refined the theory, which posits that when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent (dissonant), psychological discomfort results. This discomfort motivates the person experiencing it to either change the behavior or the attitude so that consonance is restored. In a classic experiment, Aronson demonstrated that people who undergo an embarrassing initiation to gain admission to a group develop more favorable evaluations of the group than people who are admitted after a mild or easy initiation.<ref>Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 177–181.</ref> In Aronson's Theories of Cognitive Consistency (1973), he states: "Dissonance theory does not rest upon the assumption that man is a rational animal; rather, it suggests that man is a rationalizing animal – that he attempts to appear rational, both to others and to himself."<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} The core statement from this quote is often mis-attributed to Leon Festinger. The earliest known expression of this concept appears in Robert A. Heinlein's 1953 book Assignment in Eternity, which collected Heinlein stories from the 1930s and 1940s: "Man is not a rational animal, he is a rationalizing animal." </ref>

Jigsaw ClassroomEdit

File:Elliot Aronson 2001.jpg
Aronson in 2001, shortly after he began to lose his eyesight to macular degeneration

Aronson led the development of a classroom technique for defusing inter-group tension and promoting self-esteem. It was discovered that it is rare for classrooms of students to cooperate towards a common goal. In 1971 the newly desegregated schools of Austin, Texas faced a crisis of violence between ethnic groups.<ref name="averting">Template:Cite news</ref> Aronson, then at the University of Texas, was called in as a consultant by a school administrator who was also a former student.<ref name=bdp /><ref name=averting /> Aronson noticed that the schools' highly competitive atmosphere was exacerbating the already tense ethnic rivalry.<ref name=bdp /> Together with his graduate students, he developed a model of teaching practice to encourage a culture of shared goals and mutual support.<ref name=bdp /> In the jigsaw classroom approach, pupils are divided into small groups, mixed by race and by ability, to work co-operatively on a task.<ref name="enc_edu" /> The classroom material—for example a biography of a historical figure—is broken into sections, and one member of each group is responsible for reading each section.<ref name="enc_edu" /> Members with the same role from each group gather in "expert groups" to discuss their sections. They then return to their own groups and take turns to present what they have learned. They are then assessed individually on all sections of the material.<ref name="enc_edu" /><ref name="Brophy">Template:Citation</ref><ref>"OVERVIEW." The Jigsaw Classroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 June 2016.</ref> This division of responsibilities means that students are motivated to listen to each other and each of them experiences a role in which they are valuable to others.<ref name="enc_edu">Template:Citation</ref>

Comparisons with traditional classroom environments showed that the jigsaw classroom has positive effects on academic performance, self-esteem and attitudes towards other ethnic groups.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The technique has since been applied in hundreds of schools across North America.<ref name=bdp /> From its initial application at third- to fifth-grade school level, it has been expanded to other educational levels. This success encouraged Aronson to apply his research to other policy issues including energy conservation and the treatment of the elderly.<ref name=bdp /> In the aftermath of the Columbine High School massacre, Aronson advocated for jigsaw classrooms as part of an approach to defusing the social divisions underlying school violence.<ref name=averting />

Gain–loss theory of attractionEdit

In 1965, Aronson proposed that interpersonal attraction and liking could be understood in terms of the balance of reward and cost. This implied that contrast—a gain or loss of positive feedback from the other person—has more effect on liking than the absolute level of feedback. An example is how compliments are more meaningful when they come from someone who is usually critical, rather than from a reliable supporter. Another example is that a couple may feel more dedicated to their relationship if they initially disliked each other.<ref name="Reisman1979">Template:Cite book</ref>

Pratfall effectEdit

Aronson published a paper in 1966,<ref name="Aronson, E. 1966">Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966). The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness. Psychonomic Science.</ref> where he described an experiment testing the effects of a simple blunder on perceived attraction. The so-called pratfall effect is the tendency for attractiveness to increase or decrease after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived competence, or ability to perform well in a general sense.

Awards and professional recognitionEdit

Award Awarding body Year Source
Award for Distinguished Research in Social Psychology American Association for the Advancement of Science 1970 <ref name=bdp />
Fellowship Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences 1970–1971, 1977–1978 <ref name=bdp />
National Media Award American Psychological Association 1973 <ref name=bdp />
Teaching Award University of Texas 1973 <ref name=bdp />
Teaching Award in Psychology American Psychological Association 1980 <ref name=bdp />
Donald T. Campbell Award for distinguished contributions in social psychology American Psychological Association 1980 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Professor of the Year Council for the Advancement and Support of Education 1981 <ref name=ljw />
Gordon Allport Prize for Inter-Group Relations Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues 1981 <ref name="f_awards" />
Guggenheim Fellowship John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation 1981–1982 <ref name=bdp />
Fellowship American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1992 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Award for Distinguished Research in the Social Sciences University of California, Santa Cruz 1992 <ref name="f_awards" />
Distinguished Scientific Career Award Society of Experimental Social Psychology 1994 <ref name=bdp />
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award American Psychological Association 1999 <ref name="f_awards" />
Master Lecturer American Psychological Association 2001 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

William James Fellow Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Scientific Psychology Association for Psychological Science 2007 <ref name="f_awards">Template:Citation</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

File:Elliot Aronson and guide dog 2011.jpg
Aronson with his Labrador Retriever guide dog Desi-Lu in 2011

Elliot is married to Vera Aronson, whom he met while they were both undergraduate research assistants under Abraham Maslow.<ref name=f_intro /> Together they have had four children: Hal, Neal, Julie and Joshua, who is himself a social psychologist.<ref name=f_intro /><ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 2000, Aronson was diagnosed with macular degeneration and, by 2003, had lost all of his central vision.<ref name=mcnulty /> To cope with his blindness, Aronson decided to get a guide dog, and applied at Guide Dogs for the Blind in 2010. In January 2011 he began a three-week training session with his new guide dog, Desilu, nicknamed Desi. He graduated from the program on February 12, 2011. He said, "They worked us 14 hours a day, until we were almost as smart as our dogs."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BibliographyEdit

Aronson has written more than twenty books, including textbooks, popularizations and one book of children's fiction with his granddaughter Ruth Aronson. In 2010, Psychology Press published a book of essays and scholarly articles by his friends, colleagues, and former students celebrating his influence on their work: The Scientist and the Humanist: A Festschrift in Honor of Elliot Aronson.

Academic booksEdit

  • Lindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (1968 & 1985). The handbook of social psychology (2nd & 3rd eds.). New York: Random House.
  • Stern, P. C., & Aronson, E. (1984). Energy use: The human dimension. New York: W. H. Freeman.
  • Pines, A. & Aronson, E. (1988). Career burnout. New York: Free Press.
  • Aronson, E., Ellsworth, P., Carlsmith, J. M., & Gonzales, M. (1990). Methods of research in social psychology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Aronson, E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1993). Social psychology: The most outstanding research (Vol. 1, 2, & 3). London: Elgar Ltd.
  • Aronson, E. (2000). Nobody left to hate: Teaching compassion after Columbine. New York: Henry Holt.
  • Pratkanis, A. R., & Aronson, E. (2001). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: Henry Holt.
  • Tavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2015). Mistakes were made (but not by Me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts (Rev. ed) New York: Harcourt. Template:ISBN
  • Aronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (2011). Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (3rd ed.). New York: Pinter & Martin Ltd. Template:ISBN
  • Aronson, E. (2011). The Social Animal (11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman. Template:ISBN
  • Aronson, J., & Aronson, E. (Ed.). (2011). Readings about the social animal (11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman. Template:ISBN
  • Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., & Sommers S. R. (2015). Social psychology (9th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. Template:ISBN

AutobiographyEdit

  • Aronson, E. (2002). "Drifting my own way: Following my nose and my heart." In R. Sternberg (Ed.) (2003) Psychologists defying the crowd: Stories of those who battled the establishment and won. Washington, DC: APA Books. Template:ISBN
  • Template:Citation
  • Aronson, E. (2010). Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist. New York: Basic Books. Template:ISBN

FictionEdit

  • Aronson, E., & Aronson, R. (2005). The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa (a children's book). iUniverse.

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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Further readingEdit

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External linksEdit

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