Template:Short description Project Artichoke (also referred to as Operation Artichoke) was a project developed and enacted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for the purpose of researching methods of interrogation. Project Artichoke was succeeded by Project MKUltra, which began in 1953.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Initially known as Project Bluebird, Project Artichoke officially arose on August 20, 1951, and was operated by the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The primary goal of Project Artichoke was to determine whether a person could be involuntarily made to perform an act of attempted assassination.<ref name=unredacted>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The project also studied the effects of mind control and hypnosis, forced addiction to (and subsequent withdrawal from) morphine, and other chemicals, including LSD, to produce amnesia and other vulnerable states in victims.
DescriptionEdit
Project Artichoke was a mind control program that gathered information together with the intelligence divisions of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and FBI. In addition, the scope of the project was outlined in a memo dated January 1952 that asked, "Can we get control of an individual to the point where he will do our bidding against his will and even against fundamental laws of nature, such as self-preservation?"<ref>Estabrooks, G.H. "Hypnosis comes of age". Science Digest, 44–50, April 1971.</ref><ref>Gillmor, Don. I Swear By Apollo: Dr. Ewen Cameron and the CIA-Brainwashing Experiments. Montreal: Eden Press, 1987. Template:Isbn</ref><ref>Scheflin, A. W., & Opton, E. M. The Mind Manipulators. New York: Paddington Press, 1978. Template:Isbn</ref><ref>Thomas, G. Journey into Madness: The Secret Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse. New York: Bantam, 1989 (paperback 1990).Template:Isbn</ref><ref>Weinstein, H. Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1990. Template:Isbn</ref>
Project Artichoke was the Central Intelligence Agency's secret code name for carrying out in-house and overseas experiments using LSD, hypnosis and total isolation as forms of physiological harassment for special interrogations on human subjects.<ref name="auto">Goliszek, Andrew. In the Name of Science: A History of Secret Programs, Medical Research, and Human Experimentation. New York: St. Martins, 2003. Print. Template:Isbn</ref> At first agents used cocaine, marijuana, heroin, peyote and mescaline, but they increasingly saw LSD as the most promising drug.<ref name=":1" /> The subjects who left this project were fogged with amnesia, resulting in faulty and vague memories of the experience.<ref name="auto"/> In 1952, unknowing CIA agents were secretly drugged to determine the drug's effects on unsuspecting people. One record states that an agent was kept on LSD for 77 days.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
Artichoke researched the potential of dengue fever and other diseases. A declassified Artichoke memo read: "Not all viruses have to be lethal… the objective includes those that act as short-term and long-term incapacitating agents."<ref name=Avon2010>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The CIA disputed which department would take over the operation. Finally, it was decided that an agent from the CIA research staff, former U.S. Army brigadier general Paul F. Gaynor, would oversee it.<ref name=TruthOut>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed The CIA sought to establish control over what it perceived as the "weaker" and "less intelligent" segments of society,<ref name=TruthOut/>Template:Better source needed or for potential agents, defectors, refugees, prisoners of war and others.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> A CIA report states that if hypnosis succeeded, assassins could be created to assassinate "a prominent [redacted] politician or if necessary, [an] American official."<ref name=unredacted /> The overseas operations took place in locations throughout Europe, Japan, Southeast Asia and the Philippines.<ref name=TruthOut/>Template:Better source needed Teams were assembled to manage these operations and they were told to "conduct at the overseas bases operational experiments utilizing an alien as a subject."<ref name=":0" />
See alsoEdit
- CIA activities in the United States
- Frank Olson
- MKUltra
- MKNAOMI
- MKOFTEN
- Project CHATTER
- Unethical human experimentation in the United States