Arkan

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{{#if:Željko Ražnatović|Željko Ražnatović|Template:PAGENAMEBASE}}

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Template:Flag
Template:Flag File:Logo of the JNA.svg Yugoslav People's Army (until 1992)
File:Emblem Republika Srpska Army.svg Army of Republika Srpska (1992–1995)1991–1996CommanderFile:Patch of the Serb Volunteer Guard (variant).svg Arkan Tigers Template:Tree list/final branch Template:Tree list

Croatian War of Independence
- 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia

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Bosnian War

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File:Emblem Republika Srpska Army.svg Army of Republika Srpska (1992–1995)

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Croatian War of Independence
- 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia

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Bosnian War

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}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Željko Ražnatović (Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 17 April 1952 – 15 January 2000), better known as Arkan (Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl), was a Serbian warlord, mobster and head of the Serb paramilitary force called the Serb Volunteer Guard during the Yugoslav Wars, considered one of the most feared and effective paramilitary forces during the wars.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His paramilitary unit was responsible for numerous crimes in Eastern Bosnia, including murder, pillaging, rape and ethnic cleansings.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Arkan was one of the most celebrated and iconic figures in Serbia during his time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Arkan was on Interpol's top 10 most wanted list in the 1970s and 1980s for robberies and murders committed in countries across Europe,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> he escaped jail twice,<ref name=":2" /> and was later indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for crimes against humanity. Up until his assassination in January 2000, Ražnatović was the most powerful organized crime figure in the Balkans,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as well as the most powerful state-sponsored gangster in Serbia. Ražnatović had links to Avraham Golan, an infamous security contractor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early lifeEdit

Željko Ražnatović was born in Brežice, a small border town in Lower Styria, PR Slovenia, FPR Yugoslavia. His father, Veljko Ražnatović served as a decorated officer in the SFR-Yugoslav Air Force, being highly ranked for his notable involvement in World War II. Veljko was stationed in Slovenian Styria at the time when his fourth child Željko was born.<ref>Miloš Milikić Mido – Za naše nebo — Monografija prve klase letača Vazduhoplovnog učilišta 1945-1947. Belgrade 1995.</ref>

Infant Ražnatović spent part of his childhood in Zagreb and Pančevo before his father's job eventually took the family to the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade, which is considered his hometown.<ref name=svedok70322>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He grew up with three older sisters in a strict, militaristic patriarchal household with regular physical abuse from his father. In a 1991 interview, he recalled: "He didn't really hit me in a classical sense, he'd basically grab me and slam me against the floor."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a child, Ražnatović was considered to be a "problem child" by his teachers who regularly complained of his unruly behavior.Template:Sfn

In his youth, Ražnatović aspired to become a pilot as his father had been. Due to the highly demanding and significant positions of his parents, there appeared to be very little time in which a bond was able to be established between parents and children. Ražnatović's parents eventually divorced during his teenage years.<ref name=svedok70322/>

Ražnatović was arrested for the first time in 1966 for snatching women's purses around Tašmajdan Park,<ref name="Arkanova ostavština">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> spending a year at a juvenile detention center not far from Belgrade. His father then sent him to the seaside town of Kotor in order to join the Yugoslav Navy, but Ražnatović had other plans (ending up in Paris at the age of 15). In 1969, Ražnatović was arrested by French police and deported home, where he was sentenced to three years at the detention center in Valjevo for several burglaries. During this time, he organized his own gang in the prison.<ref name=svedok70322/>

In his youth, Ražnatović was a ward of his father's friend,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Slovenian politician and Federal Minister of the Interior, Stane Dolanc.<ref name=PIC/> Dolanc was chief of the Directorate for State Security (UDBA) and a close associate of President Josip Broz Tito. Whenever Ražnatović was in trouble, Dolanc helped him, allegedly as a reward for his services to the UDBA, as seen in the escape from the Lugano prison in 1981. Dolanc is quoted as having said: "One Arkan is worth more than the whole UDBA."<ref name=PIC>Template:Cite book</ref>

Criminal careerEdit

Western EuropeEdit

In 1972, aged 20, Ražnatović migrated to Western Europe.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština"/> Abroad, he was introduced to and kept contact with many well-known criminals from Yugoslavia, such as Ljuba Zemunac, Ranko Rubežić, Đorđe "Giška" Božović, and Goran Vuković, all of whom were also occasionally contracted by the UDBA, and all of whom have since been assassinated or otherwise died. Ražnatović took the nickname "Arkan" from one of his forged passports. On 28 December 1973, he was arrested in Belgium following a bank robbery, and was sentenced to ten years in prison.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština"/> In 1974, Ražnatović was active in Sweden and among other crimes robbed a bank in Kungälv.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ražnatović managed to escape from the Verviers prison on 4 July 1979.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština"/> Although he was apprehended in the Netherlands on 24 October 1979, the few months he was free were enough for at least two more armed robberies in Sweden and three more in the Netherlands. Serving a seven-year sentence at a prison in Amsterdam, Ražnatović pulled off another escape on 8 May 1981 after someone slipped him a gun. Wasting no time, more robberies followed, this time in West Germany, where after less than a month of freedom he was arrested in Frankfurt on 5 June 1981 following a jewellery store stickup. In the ensuing shootout with police he was lightly wounded, resulting in his placement in the prison hospital ward. Looser security allowed Ražnatović to escape again only four days later, on 9 June, supposedly by jumping from the window, beating up the first passerby and stealing his clothing before disappearing.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština"/> His final Western European arrest occurred in Basel, Switzerland, during a routine traffic check on 15 February 1983. However, he managed to escape again within months, this time from Thorberg prison on 27 April.

It is widely speculated that Ražnatović was closely affiliated with the UDBA throughout his criminal career abroad.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština"/> He had convictions or warrants in Belgium (bank robberies, prison escape), the Netherlands (armed robberies, prison escape), Sweden (twenty burglaries, seven bank robberies, prison escape, attempted murder),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> West Germany (armed robberies, prison escape), Austria, Switzerland (armed robberies, prison escape), and Italy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović had achieved the status in the Belgrade underworld of earning "strahopoštovanje", a Serbo-Croat phrase that roughly translates as being "respected for fear".Template:Sfn Strahopoštovanje was generally achieved in the Yugoslav underworld by committing violent crimes in Western Europe, being arrested and convicted, serving a sentence in a Western European prison, and terrorizing the other inmates to such an extent that the said criminal became the most feared inmate in the prison.Template:Sfn In the macho world of the Yugoslav underworld, having strahopoštovanje status was seen as proof of a criminal's toughness and masculinity.Template:Sfn

Return to YugoslaviaEdit

Ražnatović returned to Belgrade in May 1983, continuing his criminal career by managing a number of illegal activities. In November of that year, six months after his return, a bank in Zagreb was robbed with the thieves leaving a rose on the counter (allegedly Ražnatović's signature from his robberies in Western Europe).<ref name="Arkanova ostavština" /> Looking to question Ražnatović about his whereabouts during the robbery, two policemen, members of the Secretariat of Internal Affairs' (SUP) Tenth department from the Belgrade municipality of Palilula, showed up in civilian clothing at his mother's apartment on 27 March Street in Belgrade.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština" /> Ražnatović happened to not be home at the moment, so the policemen introduced themselves to his mother as "friends of her son looking to return a cash debt they owed him" and asked the woman if they could wait for him to return to the apartment. Ražnatović's mother phoned him to say that two unknown males waited for him.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština" /> Ražnatović showed up with a revolver and proceeded to shoot and wound both policemen. He was detained immediately; however, barely 48 hours later, he was released. The occurrence made it clear to all observers, especially his criminal rivals, that he enjoyed protection from the highest echelons of the Yugoslav state security establishment.

Ražnatović spent the mid-1980s running the Amadeus discothèque together with Žika Živac and Tapi Malešević. Located in the Tašmajdan neighbourhood, the nightclub was reportedly another perk of their contractual work for the UDBA.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština" /> Moreover, Ražnatović could be seen driving around Belgrade in a pink Cadillac and gambling on roulette in casinos all over the country, from Belgrade (Hotel "Slavija") and nearby Pančevo to Sveti Stefan (Hotel Maestral on the Miločer beach) and Portorož (Hotel Metropol).<ref name="Arkanova ostavština" />

An avid gambler, following a private game of poker in an apartment at Ive Lole Ribara Street in Belgrade, Ražnatović got into an elevator altercation with a tenant from the apartment building, reportedly breaking the man's arm after beating him with a gun. Ražnatović could not avoid being charged this time and the trial saw a notable exchange between him and the judge; during the pre-session identification, Ražnatović stated he was an employee of the Secretariat of Internal Affairs (SUP). When this was challenged by the prosecutor, Ražnatović produced a document summarizing a mortgage loan he obtained from the UDBA for his house at Ljutice Bogdana Street. He ended up receiving a six-month sentence, which he served at the Belgrade Central Prison.<ref name="Arkanova ostavština" /> In the late 1980s, a football hooligan subculture had emerged in Yugoslavia and the unruly and rowdy fans of the Red Star Belgrade football team were seen as a major social problem.Template:Sfn At the request of the Ministry of the Interior, Ražnatović took over the Delije ("Heroes") fan club of Red Star Belgrade in an attempt to impose some control on the hooligans.Template:Sfn Ražnatović quickly became a hero to the Delije club by his ability to arrange for them to go to Western Europe whenever Red Star Belgrade played a game in a Western European city.Template:Sfn

Yugoslav WarsEdit

EarlyEdit

Only days after the 1990 Croatian multi-party election, Ražnatović, who was the leader of the Delije (hooligan supporters of the football club Red Star Belgrade), was present at the away game against Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at Stadion Maksimir on 13 May, a match that ended in the infamous Dinamo–Red Star riot.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović and the Delije, consisting of 1,500 people, were involved in a massive fight with the home team's football hooligans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 11 October 1990, as the political situation in Yugoslavia became tense, Ražnatović created a paramilitary group named the Serb Volunteer Guard. Ražnatović was the supreme commander of the unit, which was primarily made up of members of the Delije and his personal friends.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Nebojsa Popov, Drinka Gojkovic; (1999) The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis p. 388; Central European University Press, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Michael A. Innes; (2006) Bosnian Security after Dayton: New Perspectives (Contemporary Security Studies) p. 75; Routledge, Template:ISBN</ref>

In late October 1990, Ražnatović traveled to Knin to meet representatives of the SAO Krajina, a Serb break-away region that sought to remain in FR Yugoslavia, as opposed to the Croatian government that seceded. On 29 November, Croatian police arrested him at the Croatian-Bosnian border crossing Dvor na Uni along with local Dušan Carić and Belgraders Dušan Bandić and Zoran Stevanović. Ražnatović's entourage was sent to Sisak and was charged with conspiracy to overthrow the newly formed Croatian state. Ražnatović was sentenced to twenty months in jail. He was released from Zagreb's Remetinec prison on 14 June 1991. It has been claimed that the Croatian and Serbian governments agreed on a DM1 million settlement for his release.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (in Serbian)</ref>

In July 1991, Ražnatović stayed for some time at the Cetinje monastery, with Metropolitan Amfilohije Radović. His group of men, fully armed, were allowed to enter the monastery, where they served as security.<ref name=ENOVINE>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović's group traveled from Cetinje to the Siege of Dubrovnik. On his return from Dubrovnik, he was again a guest at Cetinje.<ref name=ENOVINE/>

WarEdit

The Serb Volunteer Guard, also known as "Arkan's Tigers", was organized as an elite paramilitary force supporting the Serb armies, set up in a former military facility in Erdut. The force, led by Ražnatović and Milorad Ulemek,<ref name="BI">Template:Cite news</ref> consisted of a core of 600 men and perhaps totaled more than 5,000 soldiers,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and it was much feared by the public.<ref>Vasic, "Yugoslav Army" p. 134; UN experts Final Report par. 92, 139</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> Under Arkan's command the SDG massacred hundreds of people in eastern Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>Tony Judt; (2006) Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945, chapter XXI; Penguin Books, Template:ISBN</ref> It saw action from mid-1991 until late 1995, and was supplied and equipped privately, by the reserves of the Serbian police force or through capturing enemy arms.

When the Croatian War of Independence broke out in 1991, the SDG was active in the Vukovar region, committing crimes against Croat and Hungarian civilians in Dalj, Erdut, Tenja and other areas. After the Bosnian War broke out in April 1992, the unit moved between the Croatian and Bosnian fronts, engaging in multiple instances of ethnic cleansing by killing and forcefully deporting mostly Bosniak civilians. In Croatia, it fought in various areas in SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia. Ražnatović, reportedly, had a dispute over military operations with Krajina leader Milan Martić.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Bosnia, the SDG notably fought in battles in and around Zvornik, Bijeljina and Brčko, mostly against Bosniak and Bosnian Croat paramilitary groups, including killings of civilians.

Ražnatović was favored by the Serbian authorities because as a gangster and a football hooligan he seemed to have no political ambitions and hence posed no threat to the regime of Slobodan Milošević.Template:Sfn However, he started to show signs of wanting to move beyond organised crime, founding his own political party, the Party for Serbian Unity, in 1992.Template:Sfn He also became the owner of the casino in the Hotel Jugoslavija along with a radio station, a shipping company and a brand of wine named Erdut after the base of the Tiger militia.Template:Sfn The SDG served as much of a criminal organisation as a para-military group, and was involved in smuggling petrol into Serbia from Romania and Bulgaria in defiance of the United Nations sanctions imposed on Serbia in May 1992.Template:Sfn Ražnatović's petrol smuggling brought him into conflict with Marko Milošević, the son of Slobodan, who from 1994 onwards was said to be trying to monopolise the petrol smuggling.Template:Sfn In the summer of 1995, the Serbian state curtailed the supply of arms to the SDG, which was said to have been a punishment for competing with Marko Milošević.Template:Sfn

In late 1995, Ražnatović's troops fought in the area of Banja Luka, Sanski Most and Prijedor. In October 1995, he left Sanski Most as the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina reclaimed the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović personally led most of the operations, and rewarded his most efficient officers and soldiers with ranks, medals and eventually looted goods. Several younger soldiers were rewarded for their actions in and around Kopački Rit and Bijelo Brdo. Ražnatović reportedly sent one of his most trusted men, Radovan Stanišić, to Italy to start a relationship with Camorra boss Francesco Schiavone. According to Roberto Saviano, Schiavone eased arms smuggling to Serbia by stopping the Albanian mobsters' blocking of weapons routes, and helped money transfer into Serbia in the form of humanitarian aid amid the international sanctions. In exchange, the Camorra acquired companies, enterprises, shops and farms in Serbia at optimal prices.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ražnatović has been accused of kidnapping Serb refugees who had fled to Serbia from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and forcing them into conscription.<ref name="Grihovic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Operation Storm in Croatia resulted in the collapse of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and exodus of Serb refugees fleeing to Serbia, the Serbian Interior Ministry rounded up over 5,000 refugees to conscript into the SDG.<ref name="RUS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Military-aged men were forcibly rounded up after arriving in Serbia by local police and then sent to detention camp in Erdut against their will and without informing their families.<ref name="detektor">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Once in Erdut, the refugees' heads were shaved and all valuables were confiscated. The men were then subjected to days of physical and psychological torture from the SDG guards, which included extreme physical exercises, routine beatings, and often being subjected to humiliating acts.<ref name="HLC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović had been giving speeches accusing the refugees of being cowards and traitors, blaming them for the loss of RSK.<ref name="HLC" /> Belgrade's Humanitarian Law Center has represented over 100 people suing the state of Serbia for forced mobilisation.<ref name="Stojanovic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Post-war fameEdit

Ražnatović came to serve as a popular icon for both Serbs and their enemies. For some Serbs he was a patriot and folk hero, while serving as an object of hatred and fear to Croats and Bosniaks. In the postwar period after the Dayton Agreement was signed,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ražnatović returned to his interests in sport and private business. The SDG was officially disbanded in April 1996, with the threat of being reactivated in case of war. In June of that year he took over a second division football team, FK Obilić, which he soon turned into a top caliber club, even winning the 1997–98 FR Yugoslav League championship.

According to Franklin Foer, in his book How Soccer Explains the World, Ražnatović threatened players on opposing teams if they scored against Obilić.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This threat was underlined by the thousands of SDG veterans that filled his team's home field, chanting threats, and on occasion pointing pistols at opposing players during matches. One player told the British football magazine FourFourTwo that he was locked in a garage when his team played Obilić. Europe's football governing body, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), considered prohibiting Obilić from participation in continental competitions because of its connections to Ražnatović. In response to this, Ražnatović stepped away from the position of president and gave his seat to his wife Svetlana. In a 2006 interview, Dragoslav Šekularac (who was coach of Obilić while Ražnatović was with the club) said claims that Ražnatović verbally and physically assaulted Obilić players were false.<ref name="Sekularac UBC interview">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović was a chairman of the Yugoslav Kickboxing Association.<ref name=":1" />

Many of the former members of "Arkan Tigers" are prominent figures in Serbia, maintaining close ties between each other and with Russian nationalist organisations. Jugoslav Simić and Svetozar Pejović posed with Russian Night Wolves, Ceca performed for Vladimir Putin during his visit in Serbia, Srđan Golubović is a popular trance performer known as "DJ Max" and was identified by Rolling Stone as the SDG soldier kicking dead bodies of a Bosniak family in Bijeljina on a photo from 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović came to take on the attributes of a hajduk (the term for a Serb bandit during the Ottoman empire), and he was celebrated in "militaristic nationalist circles" for his criminal-military exploits.Template:Sfn The German political Klaus Schlichte wrote that Ražnatović was the "most military" of the various Serb para-military leaders in the Bosnian war, and that his primary motive in the war was greed as he seemed all too interested in looting.Template:Sfn However, Schlichte noted that Ražnatović's attempts at political career and his frequent appearances to the Serb media suggest he had wider ambitions beyond greed.Template:Sfn

Kosovo War and NATO bombingEdit

According to chief judge Richard May from the United Kingdom, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia issued an indictment against Ražnatović on 30 September 1997 for war crimes of genocide or massacre against the Bosniak population, crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The warrant was not made public until 31 March 1999, a week after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia had begun, as intervention in the Kosovo War. Ražnatović's indictment was made public by the UN court's chief prosecutor Louise Arbour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the week before the start of NATO bombing, as the Rambouillet talks collapsed, Ražnatović appeared at the Hyatt hotel in Belgrade, where most Western journalists were staying, and ordered all of them to leave Serbia.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

During the NATO bombing, Ražnatović denied the war crime charges against him in interviews he gave to foreign reporters. Ražnatović accused NATO of bombing civilians and creating refugees of all ethnicities, and stated that he would deploy his troops only in the case of a direct NATO ground invasion. After the United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, which killed three journalists and led to a diplomatic row between the United States and the China, The Observer and Politiken newspapers claimed the building might have been targeted because the office of the Chinese military attaché was being used by Ražnatović to communicate and transmit messages to his paramilitary group in Kosovo. As neither paper offered any proof for this claim it was largely ignored by the media.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During an interview with Western journalists, while the three-month period of the NATO bombing was ongoing, Ražnatović showed a small rubber part of the F-117A downed by the Yugoslav army (one of only five NATO aircraft destroyed on 38,000 sorties),<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which he had taken as "a souvenir"; Yugoslav media falsely proclaimed that Ražnatović had downed the stealth fighter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ICTY indictment and proceedingsEdit

In March 1999, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) announced that Ražnatović had been indicted by the Tribunal, although the indictment was only made public after his assassination. According to the indictment, Ražnatović was to have been prosecuted on 24 charges of crimes against humanity (Art. 5 ICTY Statute), grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions (Art. 2 ICTY Statute) and violations of the laws of war (Art. 3 ICTY Statute), for the following acts:<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Forcibly detaining approximately thirty non-Serb men and one woman, without food or water, in an inadequately ventilated boiler room of approximately Template:Convert in size.
Transporting twelve non-Serb men from Sanski Most to an isolated location in the village of Trnova and shooting them, where they shot and killed eleven of the men and critically wounded the twelfth.
Transporting approximately sixty-seven Bosniak men from Sanski Most, Šehovci, and Pobriježe to an isolated location in the village of Sasina, and shooting them, killing sixty-five of the captives and wounding two survivors.
Forcibly detaining approximately thirty-five Muslim Bosnian men in an inadequately ventilated room of about Template:Convert in size, withholding from them food and water, resulting in the deaths of two men.<ref name=":0" />
The rape of a Muslim woman on a bus outside the Hotel Sanus in Sanski Most.

Following Ražnatović's assassination in 2000, ICTY Prosecutor Carla del Ponte said she was "confident, however, that other persons who shared responsibility with [him] for his crimes will ultimately be brought to justice."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AssassinationEdit

File:Continental Hotel Belgrade.jpg

Hotel InterContinental

In the late 1990s, Ražnatović became an isolated figure in Belgrade who rarely went outside without his bodyguards.Template:Sfn Between 1995-2000, there were over 500 gangland murders in Belgrade, virtually none of which were solved by the police.Template:Sfn A number of the gangsters killed were associates of Ražnatović, which was seen as a sign that he had lost his political protection.Template:Sfn Together with his wife, Ražnatović virtually lived in the lounges of international hotels in Belgrade, apparently out of the hope he would not be killed in a place where so many foreign journalists were present.Template:Sfn

Ražnatović was assassinated, 15 January 2000, 17:05 GMT, in the lobby of the Hotel InterContinental in New Belgrade,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in a location where he was surrounded by other hotel guests. The killer, Dobrosav Gavrić, a 23-year-old junior police mobile brigade member, had ties to the underworld and was on sick leave at the time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He walked up alone toward his target from behind. Ražnatović was sitting and chatting with two friends and, according to BBC Radio, was filling out a betting slip. Gavrić waited for a few minutes, calmly walked up behind the party, and rapidly fired a succession of bullets from his CZ99 pistol. Ražnatović was hit in his left eye and became unconscious on the spot.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=bbc>Template:Cite news</ref> His bodyguard Zvonko Mateović put him into a car, and rushed him to a hospital; he died on the way.<ref name="npr.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to his widow Svetlana, Ražnatović died in her arms as they were driving to the hospital. His companions Milenko Mandić, a business manager, and Dragan Garić, a police inspector, were also shot dead by Gavrić, who in turn was shot and wounded by Mateović. A female bystander was also seriously wounded in the shootout. After complicated surgery, Gavrić survived, but was disabled from the waist down and confined to a wheelchair.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Arkanov grob.jpg

Ražnatović's grave

A memorial ceremony in Ražnatović's honour was held on 19 January 2000, with writer Branislav Crnčević, Yugoslav Left official Aleksandar Vulin, singers Oliver Mandić, Toni Montano, and Zoran Kalezić, along with the entire first team of FK Obilić, including club director Dragoslav Šekularac, in attendance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović was buried at the Belgrade New Cemetery with military honours by his volunteers<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and with funeral rites on 20 January 2000. Sources dispute the number of people that attended, but most sources state between 2,000<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to 10,000 people attended the funeral.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TrialsEdit

Dobrosav Gavrić pleaded not guilty but was convicted and sentenced to 19 years in prison. His accomplices received from 3 to 15 years each, after a year-long trial in 2002. However, the district court verdict was overturned by the Supreme Court because of "lack of evidence and vagueness of the first trial process". A new trial was conducted in 2006, ending on 9 October 2006 with guilty verdicts upheld for Gavrić as well as his accomplices, Milan Đuričić and Dragan Nikolić. Gavrić was sentenced to 30 years in prison, as well as Đuričić and Nikolić, for murder in complicity.<ref>Sedam godina od ubistva Arkana; mondo.rs, 15 January 2007.</ref>

Prior to carrying out his sentence, however, Gavrić obtained a passport from Bosnia and Herzegovina under the name Saša Kovačević and fled Serbia. In March 2011, he was driving a crime boss, Cyril Beeka, in Cape Town, South Africa when a gunman on a motorbike opened fire on them, killing Beeka and wounding Gavrić. Cocaine was found in the vehicle they were in, leading to Gavrić being fingerprinted and his true identity discovered. Since that time, he has been incarcerated in South Africa and fighting his extradition to Serbia where his 2006 sentence awaits him. Template:As of, he is still fighting his extradition to Serbia in South African courts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Ražnatović fathered nine children by five different women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His eldest son Mihajlo was born in Gothenburg, in 1975, from a relationship with a Swedish woman. In 1992, 17-year-old Mihajlo decided to move to Serbia to live with his father. During this time the teenager was photographed wearing the uniform of his father's paramilitary unit during the Yugoslav Wars and according to a Swedish tabloid report the youngster participated in combat operations in Srebrenica.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mihajlo has since lived in Belgrade where he played for the Red Star Belgrade ice-hockey club off and on between 2000 and 2009, also representing Serbia-Montenegro on the national team level between 2002 and 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During this time he also ran a sushi restaurant in Belgrade called Iki Bar and dated Macedonian pop singer Karolina Gočeva.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He left Serbia after that. In 2013 he was in the news in Serbia again following the conclusion of a court case that had dragged on since 2005 over Ražnatović's failure to meet the repayment terms on a RSD1.1 million car loan he took out in 2002 from Komercijalna Banka. After continually failing to meet his monthly payments, the bank wanted the loan paid off in full in August 2005, and two years later took him to court. In June 2010 he was ordered to pay RSD3.3 million based upon the interest on the original loan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the end, the verdict stated he owed the bank RSD2.9 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In June 1994, sometime after her separation from Ražnatović, Natalija Martinović and their four children left Serbia and moved to Athens, where he bought them an apartment in the suburb of Glyfada. After his assassination, Martinović disputed his will,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> claiming that Svetlana doctored it. In May 2000, she sued Svetlana over Ražnatović's assets, including the villa at Ljutice Bogdana Street in which he and Svetlana lived, claiming it was built with funds from a bank loan Martinović and Ražnatović took out in 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The court eventually ruled against Martinović.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The court agreed with her assertions that the villa was built with money from a 1985 bank loan taken out by her and Ražnatović, but ruled she had forfeited any rights in future division of that asset when she signed the property over to Ražnatović in 1994 before moving to Greece.Template:Citation needed

In 2012, Ražnatović's son Vojin Martinović again accused Svetlana of falsifying his father's will.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In response, Ražnatović's former associate Borislav Pelević said that the villa at Ljutice Bogdana Street was not mentioned in the will as he had already signed it over to his second wife.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ražnatović and Ceca have a daughter and a son. Their daughter Anastasija Ražnatović sings on her mother's label, and publishes the songs on YouTube.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In popular cultureEdit

In October 1992, Arkan was confronted by Roger Cook for a special edition of ITV's The Cook Report.
The History Channel's 2003 documentary Targeted includes a part on Željko Ražnatović, Baby Face Psycho.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 2008 Serbian film The Tour, a group of Serbian actors go on a tour in war-torn Bosnia. Among other factions, they meet an unnamed paramilitary unit wearing insignia similar to those of the Serb Volunteer Guard. The unit's commander, played by Sergej Trifunović, is possibly based on Željko Ražnatović.Template:Citation needed
In the 2012 Japanese anime Jormungand, one of the antagonists is Dragan Nikolaevich, commander of the Balkan Dragons. His looks and even his biography bear resounding resemblance to those of Arkan.
In the 2014 Serbian docu-drama series Dosije: Beogradski klanovi, one of the episodes tells the story of Željko Ražnatović.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

BiographiesEdit

InterviewsEdit

Interview with Jim Laurie, 23 December 1991. Template:YouTube
Interview with local Bosnian Serb TV after takeover of Bijeljina, 1992. Template:YouTube Template:In lang
Interview with RTV BK, 20 July 1997. Template:YouTube Template:In lang
Interview with BBC, 1999. Template:YouTube Template:In lang
Interview with ABC, 6 April 1999.
Interview with British reporter John Simpson, March 1999. Template:YouTube
Interview during NATO bombings, 1999. Template:YouTube Template:In lang
Interview with B92, April 1999. Template:YouTube Template:In lang

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

'Arkan's Paramilitaries: Tigers Who Escaped Justice' – Balkan Insight, 8 December 2014
'Gangster's life of Serb warlord' – BBC News, 15 January 2000
'Arkan: Underworld boss of Milošević's murder squad' – The Guardian, 19 January 2000
'Blood and Honey – A Balkan War Journal' – NPR, February 2001
'Dosije Arkan' Template:Webarchive – Vreme, November 2008

Template:Yugoslav Wars Template:Authority control