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Vardenafil, sold under the brand name Levitra among others, is a medication that is used for treating erectile dysfunction.<ref name="Levitra FDA label" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is a PDE5 inhibitor.<ref name="Levitra FDA label" /> It is taken by mouth.<ref name="Levitra FDA label" />
Medical usesEdit
Vardenafil's indications and contraindications are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors; it is closely related in function to sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis). The difference between the vardenafil molecule and sildenafil citrate is a nitrogen atom's position and the change of sildenafil's piperazine ring methyl group to an ethyl group. Tadalafil is structurally different from both sildenafil and vardenafil. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to but somewhat longer than sildenafil's. Despite the structural differences between vardenafil and sildenafil, they both show similar ocular side effects due to their similar selectivity overlap with PDE6, an enzyme found in the eye.<ref name="selectivity">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Beyond its indications for erectile dysfunction, vardenafil may be effective in the treatment of premature ejaculation, where it may significantly increase the time from penetration to ejaculation.<ref name="IJIR Premature Ejaculation">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Adverse reactionsEdit
The common, adverse drug reactions (side effects) are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors. The frequent vardenafil-specific side-effect is nausea; the infrequent side effects are abdominal pain, back pain, photosensitivity, abnormal vision, eye pain, facial edema, hypotension, palpitation, tachycardia, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, itch, and priapism.
One possibly serious, but rare, side effect with vardenafil is heart attack. Also, in rare cases, vardenafil use may cause priapism, a very painful emergency condition that can cause impotence if left untreated.<ref name="MedScape PDE5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In October 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that a warning about possible deafness (sudden hearing loss) would be added to the drug labels of vardenafil, and other PDE5 inhibitors.<ref name="FDA PDE5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
InteractionsEdit
Vardenafil should not be used by people taking nitrate medications, because combining them with vardenafil might provoke potentially life-threatening hypotension (low blood pressure).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Further, vardenafil causes lengthening of the QT interval. Therefore, it should not be taken by people taking other medications that affect the QT interval (such as amiodarone).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
Vardenafil was co-marketed by Bayer Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Schering-Plough under the brand name Levitra. As of 2005, the co-promotion rights of GSK on Levitra have been returned to Bayer in many markets outside the US. In Italy, Bayer sells vardenafil as Levitra and GSK sells it as Vivanza. Thus, because of European Union trade rules, parallel imports might result in Vivanza sold next to Levitra in the EU.
An orally disintegrating form, marketed as Staxyn and Levitra Soft, has been gaining approvals in countries such as the United States<ref name="pharmpro.com 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tainted supplementsEdit
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has found vardenafil and other synthetic PDE5 inhibitors in numerous products marketed as "herbal" supplements or "all natural" products for male enhancement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ReferencesEdit
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