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A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime. Troopships were often drafted from commercial shipping fleets, and were unable to land troops directly on shore, typically loading and unloading at a seaport or onto smaller vessels, either tenders or barges.
Attack transports,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a variant of ocean-going troopship adapted to transporting invasion forces ashore, carry their own fleet of landing craft. Landing ships beach themselves and bring their troops directly ashore.
HistoryEdit
Ships to transport troops were used in antiquity. Ancient Rome used the navis lusoria, a small vessel powered by rowers and sail, to move soldiers on the Rhine and Danube.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The modern troopship has as long a history as passenger ships do, as most maritime nations enlisted their support in military operations (either by leasing the vessels or by impressing them into service) when their normal naval forces were deemed insufficient for the task. In the 19th century, navies frequently chartered civilian ocean liners, and from the start of the 20th century painted them gray and added a degree of armament; their speed, originally intended to minimize passage time for civilian user, proved valuable for outrunning submarines and enemy cruisers in war. Template:HMT even rammed and sank a U-boat during one of its wartime crossings. Individual liners capable of exceptionally high speed transited without escorts; smaller or older liners with poorer performance were protected by operating in convoys.
Most major naval powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided their domestic shipping lines with subsidies to build fast ocean liners capable of conversions to auxiliary cruisers during wartime. The British government, for example, aided both Cunard and the White Star Line in constructing the liners Template:RMS, Template:RMS, Template:RMS and RMS Britannic. However, when the vulnerability of these ships to return fire was realized during World War I most were used instead as troopships or hospital ships.
Template:RMS and Template:RMS were two of the most famous converted liners of World War II. When they were fully converted, each could carry well over 10,000 troops per trip. Queen Mary holds the all-time record, with 15,740 troops on a single passage in late July 1943,<ref name=ww2/> transporting a staggering 765,429 military personnel during the war.<ref name=ww2/>
World War IIEdit
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Large numbers of troopships were employed during World War II, including 220 "Limited Capacity" Liberty ship conversions, 30 Type C4 ship-based Template:Sclass, a class of 84 Victory ship conversions, and a small number of Type-C3-S-A2 ship-based dedicated transports, and 15 classes of attack transports, of which some 400 alone were built.
- The modified Liberties were capable of transporting up to 450,<ref name="Live">Live, 2013 edition, p. 6.</ref> 550,<ref name="walkaround">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> or 650<ref name="live4">Live, 2013 edition, p. 4.</ref> (sources vary) troops or prisoners-of-war. Modifications included installation of bunks stacked five deep on the forward tweendeck, additional shower and head facilities, two additional diesel-powered generators,<ref name="walkaround"/> and installation of two more Oerlikon 20-mm automatic cannons.<ref name="Live"/><ref name="walkaround"/><ref name="Cooper5">Cooper, p. 5.</ref><ref>Project Liberty Ship: Armament Aboard SS JOHN W. BROWN Template:Webarchive</ref>
- 30 Type C4 ship-based Template:Sclass, the largest carrying over 6,000 passengers.
- A class of Victory ship-based dedicated troopship was developed late in World War II. A total of 84 such VC2-S-AP2 hull conversions was completed.<ref name=HAER>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} "In the summer of 1945, eighty-four VC2-S-AP2 Victory ships, including the Maritime Victory, were converted into troopships by MARITIME VICTORY the U.S. Maritime Commission in preparation for an assault on the Japanese home islands. The ship made several crossings of the Atlantic Ocean and was used to repatriate American troops from Europe after World War II. pp. 1–2</ref><ref>ww2troopships.com crossings in 1945</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Usurped</ref><ref>Binghamton NY Press Grayscale 1945 – Fulton History, Oct. 15, 1945</ref>
- A class of Type C3 ship – comprising mainly C3-S-A2 and C3-S-A3 hulls – was also converted to dedicated troopships, capable of carrying 2,100 troops,<ref>Isthmian Lines ship S.S. Steel Scientist [2] Troop capacity: 2156</ref> was also developed.
- At least 15 classes of attack transport, consisting of at least 400 ships specially equipped for landing invasion forces rather than general troop movement.
DesignationEdit
The designation HMT (Her/His Majesty's Transport) would normally replace RMS (Royal Mail Ship), MV (Motor Vessel) or SS (Steamship) for ships converted to troopship duty with the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The United States used two designations: WSA for troopships operated by the War Shipping Administration using Merchant Marine crews, and USS (United States Ship) for vessels accepted into and operated by the United States Navy. Initially, troopships adapted as attack transports were designated AP; starting in 1942 keel-up attack transports received the designation APA.
"HMT" was also used, for a while, to designate "Hired Military Transport."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Post-World War IIEdit
In the era of the Cold War, the United States designed the Template:SS ship so that she could easily be converted from a liner to a troopship, in case of war. More recently, Template:Ship and Template:SS were requisitioned by the Royal Navy to carry British soldiers to the Falklands War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By the end of the twentieth century, nearly all long-distance personnel transfer was done by airlift in military transport aircraft.
Some notable troopshipsEdit
- Template:USS
- HMT Aquitania
- Template:SS
- Template:HMS
- Template:SS
- Template:RMS
- Template:SS
- Template:Ship
- Template:Ship (ex MV Monte Rosa)
- RMS Empress of Britain
- Template:SS
- Template:USS
- Template:SS
- Template:RMS
- HMT Lancastria
- Template:USS (ex Vaterland)
- HMT Mauretania (Sister ship to Template:RMS)
- Template:SS
- HMT Olympic (Sister ship to Template:RMS)
- Template:SS
- Template:HMS
- SS Oxfordshire
- Template:RMS
- Template:RMS
- Template:Ship
- Template:HMS
- Template:USS (ex Kronprinz Wilhelm)
- Template:USS
- Template:HMAS (first large catamaran to enter naval service)
See alsoEdit
- Template:Slink
- Template:Slink - APA redesignation
- Template:Slink
NotesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- James Dugan, The Great Iron Ship, 1953 (regularly reprinted) Template:ISBN
- Stephen Harding, Great Liners at War, Motorbooks Int'l, Osceola, WI, US, 1997 Template:ISBN
- Goron Newell, Ocean Liners of the 20th Century, Bonanza Books, US, 1963 Template:ISBN
External linksEdit
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Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries Template:Authority control