Namazu

File:Namazu-e.jpg

An image of humans battling a Namazu

In Japanese mythology, the Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo is a giant underground catfish who causes earthquakes.

The creature lives under the islands of Japan and is guarded by the god Takemikazuchi enshrined at Kashima, who restrains the catfish with a stone. When the Kashima-god lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.

Myth

The legend or myth in Japan is that a gigantic namazu (catfish) lives inside or beneath the earth (or in the mud<ref name=rabitz/>) which causes earthquakes.Template:Sfnp

The association of the namazu with earthquake seems to have first occurred in the area around Lake Biwa, around the 16th century.Template:Sfnp The namazu had been depicted in the Ōtsu-e ("pictures from the city of Otsu") which were manufactured in that area.Template:Refn

This earthquake-causing creature became associated with the deity and "foundation stone" in Kashima, Ibaraki.Template:Sfnp According to myth, the god Takemikazuchi enshrined at Kashima restrains the catfish underneath a stone (Template:Wikt-lang, kaname-ishi, perhaps "foundation stone" but maybe more aptly "cap stone").Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp When the Kashima-god lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.<ref name=rabitz/>

Explanation

Widespread connections between catfish and earthquakes in Japan were not present until the late 17th century, and only rose to popularity as symbolically causing or predicting earthquakes during the 19th century.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Prior to the 1855 Edo earthquake, an eel fisherman reportedly spotted unusually active catfish in a river, which he took as a predictor of an earthquake. Later that night, the earthquake struck.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The anecdote, recorded in an 1856 chronicle of journalistic reporting on the earthquake, is the earliest known claim that catfish can naturally predict earthquakes.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1930s, Japanese seismologists Shinkishi Hatai and Noboru Abe demonstrated that catfish in aquaria showed increased agitation several hours before earthquakes occurred, and were able to predict quakes with 80% accuracy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

History

Namazu-e

Template:Nihongo were a known item in the 19th century,Template:Sfnp and these broadsides were printed in great quantity following the 1855 earthquake near Edo (modern day Tokyo), one of the Ansei great earthquakes.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref>

These namazu-e woodblock-prints encompass a large variety of scenes, typically depicting the god subduing the earthquake-causing catfish under a sword or the kanameishi stone.Template:Sfnp The creature is sometimes referred to as just the "earthquake fish" (jishin-no-uo),Template:Sfnp and despite the text calling it a catfish, the illustration may be that of a dragon-serpent.Template:Sfnp

Even though the Namazu was held responsible for the disaster,Template:Refn it was also ironically hailed as a yonaoshi daimyōjin (god of "world rectification"), that is to say, a sort of an "avenger of social injustice" which expressed the public's political sentiment at the time.Template:Sfnp<ref>Template:Harvp. "yo-naoshi daimyōjin.</ref> The rich had hoarded their wealth but these were largely disgorged due to the earthquake, and redistributed to the world at large: such is the symbolism of the large gold coins (koban, etc.) scattered by the earthquake depicted in the pictures. A large amount of money went into the rebuilding effort, and the job opportunities resulted in a redistribution of wealth.Template:Sfnp
One picture is printed with a jingle with the refrain "yo-naoshi, yo-naoshi, tate-naoshi" (literally "world-fixing, world-fixing, re-building",Template:Sfnp which explicitly makes this connection.

Modern use

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }}

• Catfish are depicted on pictures of emergency earthquake preparedness activities in Japan. For example, the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) logo by the Japan Meteorological Agency utilizes pictures of the catfish on devices capable of issuing an early warning. The popular earthquake early warning mobile application Yurekuru Call also has a catfish as their icon.
• Namazu is also the name of a song on Danish singer Oh Land's first studio album Fauna, which features a large catfish on the album cover.
• In the Japanese version of Secret of Mana, the Earth Slide (Earthquake in the Japanese version) spell is a catfish icon in the ring menu.
• In The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, a catfish gives Link the Quake Medallion.
• A giant catfish mimicking Namazu's habits appears as a boss figure in the video game Lufia II.
• The Pokémon Whiscash, named "Namazun" in Japan, resembles a catfish and has "Earthquake" as its signature move. An episode of the Pokémon anime featuring Whiscash was scheduled to air on November 4, 2004, but was skipped over after the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake.<ref>Newtype: ポケットモンスター アドバンスジェネレーション テレビ東京系 木 </ref>
• The Namazu was featured in the episode of River Monsters, "Cold-Blooded Horror".
• Namazu appears in a crossover comic book featuring Stan Sakai's Usagi Yojimbo and IDW's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.<ref>Entertainment Weekly: Stan Sakai previews new Usagi Yojimbo, TMNT crossover (April 1, 2017)</ref>
• The Namazu are a race that resembles short, chubby, bipedal catfish in Final Fantasy XIV: Stormblood. The player can undertake crafting and gathering quests for them, or fight Namazu that have forsaken "civilized" garments and have taken up banditry.
• In S1:E7 of Dragon Ball GT, the character Zoonama appears as a giant catfish that wiggles his whiskers when detecting earthquakes, and repeats the word "Namazu" in his speech.
• The myth of Namazu is briefly mentioned by the character Kenjaku in Chapter 133 of the manga Jujutsu Kaisen.
• The myth of Namazu and a scroll of namazu-e is referenced throughout the 2022 Japanese animated fantasy film of Makoto Shinkai, Suzume.

Gallery

• Takemikazuchi-pins-Namazu-with-Kaname-ishi-spirit-stone-1855.png

  Takemikazuchi pins down a catfish (namazu) with a spirit stone (kaname-ishi) to prevent earthquakes 1855.

• Namazu-e - Namazu the saviour.jpg

  Namazu the saviorTemplate:Citation needed.

• Earthquake Early Warning FM Radio EAQ-001.jpg

  Earthquake Early Warning FM Radio containing an EEW Namazu logo (lower right of top photo)

• Namazu Emergency Road Earthquake Warning, Tokyo, 2025.jpg

  Namazu on an earthquake warning roadsign in Tokyo

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Namazu-e: Earthquake catfish prints from the period after the Great Ansei Earthquake struck the city of Edo (now Tokyo) in November 1855.