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In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, a double pendulum, also known as a chaotic pendulum, is a pendulum with another pendulum attached to its end, forming a simple physical system that exhibits rich dynamic behavior with a strong sensitivity to initial conditions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The motion of a double pendulum is governed by a pair of coupled ordinary differential equations and is chaotic.
Analysis and interpretationEdit
Several variants of the double pendulum may be considered; the two limbs may be of equal or unequal lengths and masses, they may be simple pendulums or compound pendulums (also called complex pendulums) and the motion may be in three dimensions or restricted to one vertical plane. In the following analysis, the limbs are taken to be identical compound pendulums of length Template:Mvar and mass Template:Mvar, and the motion is restricted to two dimensions.
In a compound pendulum, the mass is distributed along its length. If the double pendulum mass is evenly distributed, then the center of mass of each limb is at its midpoint, and the limb has a moment of inertia of Template:Math about that point.
It is convenient to use the angles between each limb and the vertical as the generalized coordinates defining the configuration of the system. These angles are denoted Template:Math and Template:Math. The position of the center of mass of each rod may be written in terms of these two coordinates. If the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system is taken to be at the point of suspension of the first pendulum, then the center of mass of this pendulum is at:<math display="block">\begin{align} x_1 &= \tfrac{1}{2} \ell \sin \theta_1 \\ y_1 &= -\tfrac{1}{2} \ell \cos \theta_1 \end{align}</math>
and the center of mass of the second pendulum is at <math display="block">\begin{align} x_2 &= \ell \left ( \sin \theta_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} \sin \theta_2 \right ) \\ y_2 &= -\ell \left ( \cos \theta_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} \cos \theta_2 \right ) \end{align}</math> This is enough information to write out the Lagrangian.
LagrangianEdit
The Lagrangian is given by <math display="block">\begin{align} L &= \text{kinetic energy} - \text{potential energy} \\ &= \tfrac{1}{2} m \left ( v_1^2 + v_2^2 \right ) + \tfrac{1}{2} I \left ( \dot\theta_1^2 + \dot\theta_2^2 \right ) - m g \left ( y_1 + y_2 \right ) \\ &= \tfrac{1}{2} m \left ( \dot x_1^2 + \dot y_1^2 + \dot x_2^2 + \dot y_2^2 \right ) + \tfrac{1}{2} I \left ( \dot\theta_1^2 + \dot\theta_2^2 \right ) - m g \left ( y_1 + y_2 \right ) \end{align}</math> The first term is the linear kinetic energy of the center of mass of the bodies and the second term is the rotational kinetic energy around the center of mass of each rod. The last term is the potential energy of the bodies in a uniform gravitational field. The dot-notation indicates the time derivative of the variable in question.
Using the values of <math>x_1</math> and <math>y_1</math> defined above, we have <math display="block"> \begin{align} \dot x_1 &= \dot \theta_1 \left(\tfrac{1}{2}\ell \cos \theta_1 \right) \\[1ex] \dot y_1 &= \dot \theta_1 \left(\tfrac{1}{2} \ell \sin \theta_1 \right) \end{align} </math> which leads to <math display="block"> v_1^2 = \dot x_1^2 + \dot y_1^2 = \tfrac{1}{4} \dot \theta_1^2 \ell^2 \left(\cos^2 \theta_1 + \sin^2 \theta_1 \right) = \tfrac{1}{4} \ell^2 \dot \theta_1^2 . </math>
Similarly, for <math>x_2</math> and <math>y_2</math> we have <math display="block"> \begin{align} \dot x_2 &= \ell \left(\dot \theta_1 \cos \theta_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} \dot \theta_2 \cos \theta_2 \right) \\ \dot y_2 &= \ell \left(\dot \theta_1 \sin \theta_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} \dot \theta_2 \sin \theta_2 \right) \end{align} </math>
and therefore
<math display="block"> \begin{align} v_2^2 &= \dot x_2^2 + \dot y_2^2 \\[1ex] &= \ell^2 \left(
\dot \theta_1^2 \cos^2 \theta_1 + \dot \theta_1^2 \sin^2 \theta_1
+ \tfrac{1}{4} \dot \theta_2^2 \cos^2 \theta_2 + \tfrac{1}{4} \dot \theta_2^2 \sin^2 \theta_2
+ \dot \theta_1 \dot \theta_2 \cos \theta_1 \cos \theta_2 + \dot \theta_1 \dot \theta_2 \sin \theta_1 \sin \theta_2
\right) \\[1ex] &= \ell^2 \left( \dot \theta_1^2 + \tfrac{1}{4} \dot \theta_2^2 + \dot \theta_1 \dot \theta_2 \cos \left(\theta_1 - \theta_2 \right)
\right).
\end{align} </math>
Substituting the coordinates above into the definition of the Lagrangian, and rearranging the equation, gives <math display="block"> \begin{align} L &= \tfrac{1}{2} m \ell^2 \left(
\dot \theta_1^2
+ \tfrac{1}{4} \dot \theta_1^2 + \tfrac{1}{4} \dot \theta_2^2
+ \dot \theta_1 \dot \theta_2 \cos \left(\theta_1 - \theta_2 \right)
\right) + \tfrac{1}{24} m \ell^2 \left( \dot \theta_1^2 + \dot \theta_2^2 \right) - m g \left(y_1 + y_2 \right) \\[1ex] &= \tfrac{1}{6} m \ell^2 \left (
\dot \theta_2^2 + 4 \dot \theta_1^2
+ 3 {\dot \theta_1} {\dot \theta_2} \cos (\theta_1-\theta_2)
\right) + \tfrac{1}{2} m g \ell \left ( 3 \cos \theta_1 + \cos \theta_2 \right ). \end{align} </math>
The equations of motion can now be derived using the Euler–Lagrange equations, which are given by <math display="block"> \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\theta}_i} - \frac{\partial L}{\partial \theta_i} = 0, \quad i = 1,2. </math> We begin with the equation of motion for <math>\theta_1</math>. The derivatives of the Lagrangian are given by <math display="block"> \frac{\partial L}{\partial \theta_1} = -\tfrac{1}{2} m \ell^2 \dot{\theta}_1 \dot{\theta}_2 \sin(\theta_1 - \theta_2) - \tfrac{3}{2} mg\ell \sin\theta_1 </math> and <math display="block"> \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\theta}_1} = \tfrac{4}{3} m\ell^2 \dot{\theta}_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} m\ell^2 \dot{\theta}_2 \cos(\theta_1-\theta_2). </math> Thus <math display="block"> \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\theta}_1} = \tfrac{4}{3} m\ell^2 \ddot{\theta}_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} m\ell^2 \ddot{\theta}_2 \cos(\theta_1-\theta_2) - \tfrac{1}{2} m\ell^2 \dot{\theta}_2(\dot{\theta}_1 - \dot{\theta}_2) \sin(\theta_1 - \theta_2). </math> Combining these results and simplifying yields the first equation of motion, <math display="block"> \tfrac{4}{3} \ell \ddot{\theta}_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} \ell \ddot{\theta}_2 \cos(\theta_1 - \theta_2) + \tfrac{1}{2} \ell \dot{\theta}_2^2 \sin(\theta_1-\theta_2) + \tfrac{3}{2} g \sin\theta_1 = 0. </math>
Similarly, the derivatives of the Lagrangian with respect to <math>\theta_2</math> and <math>\dot{\theta}_2</math> are given by <math display="block"> \frac{\partial L}{\partial \theta_2} = \tfrac{1}{2} m \ell^2 \dot{\theta}_1 \dot{\theta}_2 \sin(\theta_1 - \theta_2) - \tfrac{1}{2} mg\ell \sin\theta_2 </math> and <math display="block"> \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\theta}_2} = \tfrac{1}{3} m\ell^2 \dot{\theta}_2 + \tfrac{1}{2} m\ell^2 \dot{\theta}_1 \cos(\theta_1-\theta_2). </math> Thus <math display="block"> \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\theta}_2} = \tfrac{1}{3} m\ell^2 \ddot{\theta}_2 + \tfrac{1}{2} m\ell^2 \ddot{\theta}_1 \cos(\theta_1-\theta_2) - \tfrac{1}{2} m\ell^2 \dot{\theta}_1(\dot{\theta}_1 - \dot{\theta}_2) \sin(\theta_1 - \theta_2). </math> Plugging these results into the Euler-Lagrange equation and simplifying yields the second equation of motion, <math display="block"> \tfrac{1}{3} \ell \ddot{\theta}_2 + \tfrac{1}{2} \ell \ddot{\theta}_1 \cos(\theta_1 - \theta_2) - \tfrac{1}{2} \ell \dot{\theta}_1^2 \sin(\theta_1-\theta_2) + \tfrac{1}{2} g \sin\theta_2 = 0. </math>
No closed form solutions for <math>\theta_1</math> and <math>\theta_2</math> as functions of time are known, therefore the system can only be solved numerically, using the Runge Kutta method or similar techniques.
Chaotic motionEdit
The double pendulum undergoes chaotic motion, and clearly shows a sensitive dependence on initial conditions. The image to the right shows the amount of elapsed time before the pendulum flips over, as a function of initial position when released at rest. Here, the initial value of Template:Math ranges along the Template:Mvar-direction from −3.14 to 3.14. The initial value Template:Math ranges along the Template:Mvar-direction, from −3.14 to 3.14. The color of each pixel indicates whether either pendulum flips within:
- <math>\sqrt{\frac{\ell}{g}}</math> (black)
- <math>10\sqrt{\frac{\ell}{g}}</math> (red)
- <math>100\sqrt{\frac{\ell}{g}}</math> (green)
- <math>1000\sqrt{\frac{\ell}{g}}</math> (blue) or
- <math>10000\sqrt{\frac{\ell}{g}}</math> (purple).
Initial conditions that do not lead to a flip within <math>10000\sqrt{\frac{\ell}{g}}</math> are plotted white.
The boundary of the central white region is defined in part by energy conservation with the following curve: <math display="block">3 \cos \theta_1 + \cos \theta_2 = 2. </math>
Within the region defined by this curve, that is if<math display="block">3 \cos \theta_1 + \cos \theta_2 > 2, </math>then it is energetically impossible for either pendulum to flip. Outside this region, the pendulum can flip, but it is a complex question to determine when it will flip. Similar behavior is observed for a double pendulum composed of two point masses rather than two rods with distributed mass.<ref>Alex Small, Sample Final Project: One Signature of Chaos in the Double Pendulum, (2013). A report produced as an example for students. Includes a derivation of the equations of motion, and a comparison between the double pendulum with 2 point masses and the double pendulum with 2 rods.</ref>
The lack of a natural excitation frequency has led to the use of double pendulum systems in seismic resistance designs in buildings, where the building itself is the primary inverted pendulum, and a secondary mass is connected to complete the double pendulum.Template:Cn
See alsoEdit
- Double inverted pendulum
- Pendulum (mechanics)
- Trebuchet
- Bolas
- Mass damper
- Mid-20th century physics textbooks use the term "double pendulum" to mean a single bob suspended from a string which is in turn suspended from a V-shaped string. This type of pendulum, which produces Lissajous curves, is now referred to as a Blackburn pendulum.
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Eric W. Weisstein, Double pendulum (2005), ScienceWorld (contains details of the complicated equations involved) and "Double Pendulum" by Rob Morris, Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007 (animations of those equations).
- Peter Lynch, Double Pendulum, (2001). (Java applet simulation.)
- Northwestern University, Double Pendulum Template:Webarchive, (Java applet simulation.)
- Theoretical High-Energy Astrophysics Group at UBC, Double pendulum, (2005).
External linksEdit
- Animations and explanations of a double pendulum and a physical double pendulum (two square plates) by Mike Wheatland (Univ. Sydney)
- Interactive Open Source Physics JavaScript simulation with detailed equations double pendulum
- Interactive Javascript simulation of a double pendulum
- Double pendulum physics simulation from www.myphysicslab.com using open source JavaScript code
- Simulation, equations and explanation of Rott's pendulum
- Template:YouTube
- Double Pendulum Simulator - An open source simulator written in C++ using the Qt toolkit.
- Online Java simulator Template:Webarchive of the Imaginary exhibition.