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Ginkgoopsida is a proposed class of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves.<ref>SV Meyen, Basic features of gymnosperm systematics and phylogeny as shown by the fossil record. Bot Rev 50, 1–111 (1984).</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The validity of this group as a whole has been considered questionable by other authors, who consider that it is unlikely to be monophyletic.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Other authors have used the class as a monotypic grouping, including only Ginkgoales.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some authors have used the clade Ginkgophyta to encompass both Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales/Leptostrobales, which are suggested to be closely related groups.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>