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Craig Venter

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox scientist

John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American scientist. He is known for leading one of the first draft sequences of the human genome<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and led the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Venter founded Celera Genomics, the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). He was the co-founder of Human Longevity Inc. and Synthetic Genomics. He was listed on Time magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter at 14th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".<ref name="New Statesman-2010">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2012, Venter was honored with Dan David Prize for his contribution to genome research.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's advisory board.<ref name="Advisors">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} retrieved July 5, 2010</ref>

Early life and educationEdit

Venter was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the son of Elisabeth and John Venter.<ref name="DNA from the beginning">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="J. Craig Venter-2007">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp His family moved to Millbrae, California during his childhood.<ref>John Craig Venter (1946- )</ref> In his youth, he did not take his education seriously, preferring to spend his time on the water in boats or surfing.<ref name="J. Craig Venter-2007"/>Template:Rp According to his biography, A Life Decoded, he was said never to be a terribly engaged student, having Cs and Ds on his eighth-grade report cards.<ref name="J. Craig Venter-2007"/>Template:Rp Venter considered that his behavior in his adolescence was indicative of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and later found ADHD-linked genetic variants in his own DNA.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He graduated from Mills High School. His father died suddenly at age 59 from cardiac arrest, giving him a lifelong awareness of his own mortality. He quotes a saying: "If you want immortality, do something meaningful with your life."<ref name="Robbins-2022"/>

Although he opposed the Vietnam War,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Venter was drafted and enlisted in the United States Navy where he worked as a hospital corpsman in the intensive-care ward of a field hospital.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He served from 1967 to 1968 at the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam. While in Vietnam, he attempted suicide by swimming out to sea, but changed his mind more than a mile out.<ref name="Ross Douthat-2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> Being confronted with severely injured and dying marines on a daily basis instilled in him a desire to study medicine,<ref>'Artificial life' breakthrough announced by scientists, BBC, May 21, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10138849.stm</ref> although he later switched to biomedical research.

Venter began his college education in 1969 at a community college, College of San Mateo in California, and later transferred to the University of California, San Diego,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where he studied under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. He received a Bachelor of Science in biochemistry in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy in physiology and pharmacology in 1975 from UCSD.<ref name="ScienceWatch-1997">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="The Sydney Morning Herald-2007">Template:Cite news</ref>

CareerEdit

After working as an associate professor, and later as full professor, at the State University of New York at Buffalo, he joined the National Institutes of Health in 1984.

EST controversyEdit

While an employee of the NIH, Venter learned how to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those expressed in the human brain. The short cDNA sequence fragments Venter discovered by automated DNA sequencing, he named expressed sequence tags, or ESTs. The NIH Office of Technology Transfer decided to file a patent on the ESTs discovered by Venter, patenting the genes identified based on studies of mRNA expression in the human brain. When Venter disclosed the NIH strategy during a Congressional hearing, a firestorm of controversy erupted.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The NIH later stopped the effort and abandoned the patent applications it had filed, following public outcry.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Human Genome ProjectEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Venter was passionate about the power of genomics to transform healthcare radically. Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective way to get useful human genome data.<ref name="Weber-1997">Template:Cite journal</ref> The method was rejected by the Human Genome Project however, since some geneticists felt it would not be accurate enough for a genome as complicated as that of humans, that it would be logistically more difficult, and that it would cost significantly more.<ref>Gannett, Lisa, The Human Genome Project Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref><ref name="Green-1997">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Venter viewed the slow pace of progress in the Human Genome project as an opportunity to continue his interest in trying his shotgun sequencing method to speed up the human genome sequencing so when he was offered funding from a DNA sequencing company to start Celera Genomics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The company planned to profit from their work by creating genomic data to which users could subscribe for a fee. The goal consequently put pressure on the public genome program and spurred several groups to redouble their efforts to produce the full sequence. Venter's effort won him renown as he and his team at Celera Corporation shared credit for sequencing the first draft human genome with the publicly funded Human Genome Project.<ref name="Singer-2007">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2000, Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome, a full three years ahead of the expected end of the Public Genome Program. The announcement was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.<ref name="Shreeve-2005">Template:Cite news</ref> Venter and Collins thus shared an award for "Biography of the Year" from A&E Network.<ref name="Montgomery County, Maryland Government-2000">"Template:Cite press release</ref> On February 15, 2001, the Human Genome Project consortium published the first Human Genome in the journal Nature, followed one day later by a Celera publication in Science.<ref name="Venter-2001">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Lander-2001">Template:Cite journal</ref> Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project,<ref name="Olson-2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> the technique became widely accepted by the scientific community.

Venter was fired by Celera in early 2002.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to his biography, Venter was fired because of a conflict with the main investor, Tony White, specifically barring him from attending the White House ceremony celebrating the achievement of sequencing the human genome.

Global Ocean Sampling ExpeditionEdit

The Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) is an ocean exploration genome project with the goal of assessing the genetic diversity in marine microbial communities and to understand their role in nature's fundamental processes. Begun as a Sargasso Sea pilot sampling project in August 2003, the full Expedition was announced by Venter on March 4, 2004. The project, which used Venter's personal yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned to the U.S. in January 2006.<ref name="Larkman, Kirell-2007">Template:Cite news</ref>

Synthetic GenomicsEdit

File:J. Craig Vernter Institute Rockville Maryland.jpg
J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, location

In June 2005, Venter co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm dedicated to using modified microorganisms to produce clean fuels and biochemicals. In July 2009, ExxonMobil announced a $600 million collaboration with Synthetic Genomics to research and develop next-generation biofuels.<ref name="Howell-2009">Template:Cite news</ref> Venter continues to work on the creation of engineered diatomic microalgae for the production of biofuels.<ref name="Ball-2016">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Karas-2015">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="J. Craig Venter Institute-2015">Template:Cite news</ref>

Venter is seeking to patent the first partially synthetic species possibly to be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There is speculation that this line of research could lead to producing bacteria that have been engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, make medicines, combat global warming, and so on.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In May 2010, a team of scientists led by Venter became the first to create successfully what was described as "synthetic life".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was done by synthesizing a very long DNA molecule containing an entire bacterium genome, and introducing this into another cell, analogous to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized and ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cell lysate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> written into its DNA to identify it as synthetic and to help trace its descendants. The watermarks include

  1. Code table for entire alphabet with punctuations
  2. Names of 46 contributing scientists
  3. Three quotations
  4. The secret email address for the cell.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On March 25, 2016, Venter reported the creation of Syn 3.0, a synthetic genome having the fewest genes of any freely living organism (473 genes). Their aim was to strip away all nonessential genes, leaving only the minimal set necessary to support life. This stripped-down, fast reproducing cell is expected to be a valuable tool for researchers in the field.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In August 2018, Venter retired as chairman of the board, saying he wanted to focus on his work at the J. Craig Venter Institute. He will remain as a scientific advisor to the board.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

J. Craig Venter InstituteEdit

In 2006 Venter founded the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research in synthetic biology. It has facilities in La Jolla and in Rockville, Maryland and employs over 200 people.

In April 2022 Venter sold the La Jolla JCVI facility to the University of California, San Diego for $25 million. Venter will continue to lead a separate nonprofit research group, also known as the J. Craig Venter Institute, and stressed that he is not retiring. The Venter Institute has out grown its current building with multiple new facility hires and will be moving into new space in 2025.<ref name="Robbins-2022">Template:Cite news</ref>

Individual human genomeEdit

On September 4, 2007, a team led by Sam Levy published one of the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's own DNA sequence.<ref name="Kirkness, Ewen F.-2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of the sequences in Venter's genome are associated with wet earwax,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> increased risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases.<ref name="J. Craig Venter-2007"/>

The Human Reference Genome Browser is a web application for the navigation and analysis of Venter's recently published genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Sanger sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA variations identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and large indels, and structural variations like insertions, deletions, inversions and copy number changes.

The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence variations, and to compare it with the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context of the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a comparative view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant evidence and functional analysis. The interface also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and the relation of variants to gene annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are linked to external public resources including dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Gene Ontology (GO).

Users can search the HuRef genome using HUGO gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or scaffold locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily and quickly browse any genomic region via the simple and intuitive pan and zoom controls; furthermore, data relevant to specific loci can be exported for further analysis.

Human Longevity, Inc.Edit

On March 4, 2014, Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced the formation of Human Longevity, Inc., a company focused on extending the healthy, "high performance" human lifespan.<ref name="Human Longevity Inc-2014">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Bigelow-2014">Template:Cite news</ref> At the time of the announcement the company had already raised $70 million in venture financing, which was expected to last 18 months.<ref name="Human Longevity Inc-2014" /><ref name="Bigelow-2014" /> Venter served as the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) until May 2018, when he retired. The company said that it plans to sequence 40,000 genomes per year, with an initial focus on cancer genomes and the genomes of cancer patients.<ref name="Human Longevity Inc-2014" />

Human Longevity filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Venter, accusing him of stealing trade secrets. Allegations were made stating that Venter had departed with his company computer that contained valuable information that could be used to start a competing business.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The lawsuit was ultimately dismissed by a California judge on the basis that Human Longevity were unable to present a case that met the legal threshold required for a company, or individual, to sue when its trade secrets have been stolen.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Human Longevity's mission is to extend healthy human lifespan by the use of high-resolution big data diagnostics from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and proteomics, and the use of stem cell therapy.<ref name="Smith-2014">Template:Cite news</ref>

Published booksEdit

Venter is the author of three books, the first of which is an autobiography titled A Life Decoded.<ref name="J. Craig Venter-2007"/> In Venter's second book, Life at the Speed of Light, he announced his theory that this is the generation in which there appears to be a dovetailing of the two previously diverse fields of science represented by computer programming and the genetic programming of life by DNA sequencing.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was applauded for his position on this by futurist Ray Kurzweil. Venter's most recent book, co-authored by David Ewing Duncan, The Voyage of Sorcerer II: The Expedition that Unlocked the Secrets of the Ocean’s Microbiome,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> details the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, spanning a 15-year period during which microbes from the world's oceans were collected and their DNA sequenced.

Personal lifeEdit

After a 12-year marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> with whom he had a son, Christopher, he married Claire M. Fraser<ref name="Okie-2011">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="The Sydney Morning Herald-2007"/> remaining married to her until 2005.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In late 2008 he married Heather Kowalski.<ref name="Lin, Sara-2010" /> They live in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA.<ref name="Lin, Sara-2010">Template:Cite news</ref> Venter is an atheist.<ref>Steve Kroft asked Venter on CBS' Sixty Minutes Template:Webarchive, November 21, 2010: "Do you believe in God?" Venter replied, "No. The universe is far more wonderful."</ref>

Venter was 75 when he sold his main research building to UCSD in 2022. The institute had out grown the space and will be moving to a new facility in 2025. The Venter Institute campus in Rockville MD also continues to expand. He said he has no intention of retiring.<ref name="Robbins-2022"/> He has a home in La Jolla and a ranch in Borrego Springs, California, as well as homes in two small towns in Maine. He indulges in two passions: sailing and flying a Cirrus 22T plane, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".<ref name="Robbins-2022"/>

In popular cultureEdit

Venter has been the subject of articles in several magazines, including Wired,<ref name="Shreeve">Shreeve, James. "Craig Venter's Epic Voyage to Redefine the Origin of the Species", Wired, August 2004. Accessed June 7, 2007.</ref> The Economist,<ref name="The Journey of the Sorcerer">"The Journey of the Sorcerer", The Economist, December 4, 2004.</ref> Australian science magazine Cosmos,<ref name="First individual person">First individual person's genome decoded Template:Webarchive – Cosmos. September 4, 2007.</ref><ref name="Geneticists on verge of creating artificial life Archived 2007">Geneticists on verge of creating artificial life Template:Webarchive – Cosmos. October 8, 2007.</ref> and The Atlantic.<ref name="Douthat">Douthat, Ross. "The God of Small Things", The Atlantic, Jan/Feb 2007.</ref>

Venter appears in the two-hour 2001 NOVA special, "Cracking the code of life".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech at Boston University.<ref name="Warren">Warren, Jessica. April 30: Genome scientist to speak at CommencementTemplate:Dead link, The Daily Free Press, April 28, 2004. Accessed August 2, 2008.</ref>

On December 4, 2007, Venter gave the Dimbleby lecture for the BBC in London.<ref name="BBC-2007">Template:Cite news</ref>

Venter gave the Distinguished Public Lecture during the 2007 Michaelmas Term at the James Martin 21st Century School at Oxford University. Its title was "Genomics – From humans to the environment".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Venter delivered the 2008 convocation speech for Faculty of Science honours and specialization students at the University of Alberta.<ref name="Brown">Brown, M.: "Genomics leader accepts U of A honorary degree"Template:Dead link, "UofA ExpressNews"; retrieved on June 7, 2009.</ref>

In February 2008, he gave a speech about his current work at the TED conference.<ref name="Venter-2008">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Top 10 Everything of 2008" article. Number three in 2008's Top 10 Scientific Discoveries was a piece outlining his work stitching together the 582,000 base pairs necessary to invent the genetic information for a whole new bacterium.<ref name="Time-2008">Template:Cite news</ref>

On May 20, 2010, Venter announced the creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the June 2011 issue of Men's Journal, Venter was featured as the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the month. He shared various anecdotes and advice, including stories of his time in Vietnam, as well as mentioning a bout with melanoma on his back, which subsequently resulted in his "giving a pound of flesh" to surgery.<ref name="Will Cockrell-2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 2011, Venter was the commencement speaker at the 157th commencement of Syracuse University.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 2017, Venter was the guest of honor and keynote speaker at the inauguration ceremony of the Center for Systems Biology Dresden.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Awards and nominationsEdit

File:J.Craig Venter at Edogawa NICHE Prize award ceremony.jpg
Dr. Craig Venter, being awarded the 2020 Edogawa NICHE Prize in Toronto

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  • 2000: Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award in Biotechnology and Medicine<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2011: On April 21, 2011, Venter received the 2011 Benjamin Rush Medal from William & Mary School of Law.<ref name="Welch-Donahue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2011: Dickson Prize in Medicine<ref name="University of Pittsburgh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2020: Edogawa NICHE Prize {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} for his contribution to research and development pertaining to the Human genome<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

WorksEdit

Venter has authored over 200 publications in scientific journals.<ref name="ISIHighlyCited.com-2003">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Refbegin

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See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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Media

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