Pluto (Disney)

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox character Pluto is an American cartoon character created by Walt Disney and Norm Ferguson. He is a yellow-orange color, medium-sized, short-haired dog with black ears. Unlike most Disney characters, Pluto is not anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial expression.<ref>Farrell, Ken. Warman's Disney Collectibles Field Guide: Values and Identification. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2011. p. 308.</ref> He is Mickey Mouse's pet. Officially a mixed-breed dog,<ref name="trivia" /> he made his debut as a bloodhound in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang.<ref>Smith, Dave. Disney A to Z: The Updated Official Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion, 1998. Print. Template:ISBN.</ref> Together with Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, and Goofy, Pluto is one of the "Sensational Six"—the biggest stars in the Disney universe.<ref>Stewart, James B. Disney War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. p. 5.</ref> Though all six are non-human animals, Pluto alone is not dressed as a human.<ref>Griffin, Sean. Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company from the Inside Out. New York: New York UP, 2000. p. 70.</ref>

Pluto debuted in animated cartoons and appeared in 24 Mickey Mouse films before receiving his own series in 1937. All together Pluto appeared in 89 short films between 1930 and 1953. Several of these were nominated for an Academy Award, including The Pointer (1939), Squatter's Rights (1946), Pluto's Blue Note (1947), and Mickey and the Seal (1948). One film starring him, Lend a Paw (1941), won the award in 1942. Because Pluto does not speak, his presence relies on physical humor. This made him a pioneering figure in character animation, by expressing personality through animation rather than dialogue.<ref>"The Flypaper Sequence Mystery", essay by Michael Barrier</ref>

Like all of Pluto's co-stars, he appears extensively in comics, first in 1931.<ref>Pluto at INDUCKS</ref> He returned to theatrical animation in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper and is in several direct-to-video films. Pluto is in countless television series, video games, and all other Mickey Mouse media.

In 1998, Disney's copyright on Pluto, set to expire at the end of 2005, was extended by the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. Disney, along with other studios, lobbied for passage of the act to preserve their copyrights on characters such as Pluto for 20 additional years.<ref>Sprigman, Chris. FindLaw's Writ, March 5, 2002, "THE MOUSE THAT ATE THE PUBLIC DOMAIN: Disney, The Copyright Term Extension Act, And eldred V. Ashcroft Template:Webarchive". Accessed September 19, 2012.</ref> Under current US copyright law, Pluto's earliest appearances will become public domain at the start of 2026. However Pluto, like all Disney characters, will remain trademarked by Disney, and trademarks do not expire unless the rights holder stops using it.

Origin

The character of Pluto originated with animator Norm Ferguson, who came to the Disney Studio in 1929. Ferguson is credited with introducing the animation principle of "follow through and overlapping action": where different parts of the body move at different times and speeds compared to the main action. Ferguson first introduced this technique in the Silly Symphony short Frolicking Fish (released May 8, 1930): where he animated a trio of dancing fish, and offset the movement of their fins, having them "drag" along with the main body's movement. This gave the characters a more flowing and natural movement than in most other animation of that time.<ref name="Hollywood Cartoons">Template:Cite book</ref> Walt Disney was so impressed with Ferguson's work on Frolicking Fish, that he ordered all of his animators study the scene.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Shortly after completing his work on Frolicking Fish, Disney assigned Ferguson to work on the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang (released on September 5, 1930); where Mickey is portrayed as a prisoner who escapes from jail, and is pursued by two nameless bloodhounds. Ferguson was tasked with animating a scene where Mickey runs towards the camera and is followed by the two bloodhounds, who sniff Mickey's trail, look up, snort, and bark at the camera.Template:Sfn According to Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, when describing this scene to Ferguson, Disney reminisced about different dogs he grew up with as a child, and act out their mannerisms (much to the staff's amusement), which Ferguson would then translate into his animation.<ref name="Illusion of Life">Template:Cite book</ref>

When animating the scene, Ferguson applied his principle of "follow through and overlapping action" to the jowls of the dogs, which gave them surprisingly lifelike movement for the time. Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote about the scene.

The dogs were among the very first Disney characters whose design broke with the prevailing formula that put white masks on virtually interchangeable black bodies... their jowls hang loosely, their nostrils wrinkle and flair, their movements echo those of real dogs. When the dogs appear, there is a sense, however faint and fleeting, of solid flesh on a screen otherwise occupied by phantoms.Template:Sfn{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Upon reviewing the scene, Disney was so impressed by Ferguson's animation on the dogs, he decided to develop one of them into a recurring character.<ref name="Illusion of Life" /> Ferguson's dog character next appeared in The Picnic (released on October 23 of that same year), however he was portrayed as Minnie's dog, and was named "Rover". In his third appearance, The Moose Hunt (released on May 3, 1931), he appeared as Mickey's pet, and was finally given the name "Pluto".<ref name=trivia>Smith, Dave. Disney Trivia from the Vault: Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered. New York: Disney Editions, 2012.</ref> Disney animator Ben Sharpsteen claimed they changed the name to Pluto because: "We thought the name [Rover] was too common, so we had to look for something else. ... We changed it to Pluto the Pup ... but I don't honestly remember why."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some Disney animators reportedly believed that Disney chose the name "Pluto" to capitalize on the then-newly-named ninth planet of Pluto.<ref>Boyle, Alan. The Case for Pluto: How a Little Planet Made a Big Difference. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. p. 49.</ref> However, animation historian John Canemaker states that Disney chose the name simply because he once had a dog named Pluto.<ref>The Life and Times of Pluto (2004), Documentary featurette (Walt Disney Treasures: The Complete Pluto DVD - Disc 1), Walt Disney Home Entertainment</ref>

Other animators handled the character, but Ferguson became the Pluto specialist at the Disney Studio. Over the next few years, Ferguson continued to develop and refine the character, ultimately crystalizing with Playful Pluto (1934), in which Ferguson animated a scene where Pluto gets a piece of flypaper stuck to his rear end. The sequence was storyboarded by Webb Smith, and Ferguson padded the scene and added extra bits of comic business.Template:Sfn The scene was considered a major landmark in the development of character animation. Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston described the scene.

...a milestone in personality animation. From the time he [Pluto] accidently sits on a sheet of the sticky flypaper, Pluto's problems seem to become ever worse as he tries to extricate himself. Through it all, his reaction to his predicament and his thoughts of what to try next are shared with the audience. It was the first time a character seemed to be thinking on screen, and, though it lasted only 65 seconds, it opened [up] the way for animation of real characters with real problems.Template:Sfn{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Following the circulation of Art Babbitt's Character Analysis of the Goof around the Disney studio,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ferguson wrote a 4-Page character bible on Pluto that was published on Jan 4, 1936, and detailed Pluto's body construction, facial expressions, mannerisms and personality.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Characterization

Unlike Mickey's other animal friends, such as Goofy (who is also a dog), Pluto is a relatively normal animal, with few anthropomorphic traits apart from his facial expressions. Pluto usually doesn't speak in English, walk upright or wear clothing.

Appearances

File:Butch and Pluto.jpg

Bone Trouble (1940); Butch the Bulldog is a common antagonist of Pluto

Pluto first and most often appears in the Mickey Mouse series of cartoons. His solo star debut is in two Silly Symphony shorts, Just Dogs (1932) and Mother Pluto (1936). In 1937, Pluto appeared in Pluto's Quin-Puplets which was the first installment of his own film series, then headlined Pluto the Pup.

His first comics appearance was in the Mickey Mouse comic strip on July 1, 1931,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> two months after the release of The Moose Hunt. In 1938, Pluto headlined in the Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip, in an adaptation of his Silly Symphony short, Mother Pluto.<ref name=IDW-v2>Template:Cite book</ref> Pluto was later featured in several sequences of the Silly Symphony strip in 1939 and 1940.

In the various Disney theme park resorts worldwide, Pluto is an interactive character just like many of his film co-stars.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

External links

• Template:Inducks character
• Pluto on IMDb